# Sim Reaney — Complete Site Context & Documentation > Full text context compiled automatically for LLMs and research crawlers. > Primary focus: Catchment Hydrology, Diffuse Pollution Modeling, Natural Flood Management (NFM), and Spatial Environmental Modeling. --- ## 1. Key Pages ### Archive Layout with Content **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/archive-layout-with-content/ A variety of common markup showing how the theme styles them.Header oneHeader twoHeader threeHeader fourHeader fiveHeader sixBlockquotesSingle line blockquote: Quotes are cool.Tables Entry Item   John Doe 2016 Description of the item in the list Jane Doe 2019 Description of the item in the list Doe Doe 2022 Description of the item in the list Header1 Header2 Header3 cell1 cell2 cell3 cell4 cell5 cell6 cell1 cell2 cell3 cell4 cell5 cell6 Foot1 Foot2 Foot3 Definition Lists Definition List Title Definition list division. 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Page Not Found Page not found. Your pixels are in another canvas. Researching Flood Hazards and Diffuse Pollution I am a catchment hydrologist working across flood hazards and water quality degradation. Archive Layout with Content Posts by Category Posts by Collection CV CV Markdown Page not in menu This is a page not in th emain menu Page Archive Portfolio Publications Sitemap Posts by Tags Talk map Talks and presentations Teaching Terms and Privacy Policy Jupyter notebook markdown generator --- ### CV **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/cv-json/ Your Sidebar Name none@example.org https://academicpages.github.io Earth, , US Google Scholar ORCID GitHub Summary Currently employed at Red Brick University. Short biography for the left-hand sidebar Education Ph.D in Version Control Theory 2018 GitHub University M.S. in Jekyll 2014 GitHub University B.S. in GitHub 2012 GitHub University Publications Paper Title Number 1 2009 Journal 1 This paper is about the number 1. The number 2 is left for future work. View Publication Paper Title Number 2 2010 Journal 1 This paper is about the number 2. The number 3 is left for future work. View Publication Paper Title Number 3 2015 Journal 1 This paper is about the number 3. The number 4 is left for future work. View Publication Paper Title Number 4 2024 GitHub Journal of Bugs This paper is about fixing template issue #693. View Publication Presentations Talk 1 on Relevant Topic in Your Field 2012 UC San Francisco, Department of Testing San Francisco, CA, USA Tutorial 1 on Relevant Topic in Your Field 2013 UC-Berkeley Institute for Testing Science Berkeley, CA, USA Talk 2 on Relevant Topic in Your Field 2014 London School of Testing London, UK Conference Proceeding talk 3 on Relevant Topic in Your Field 2014 Testing Institute of America 2014 Annual Conference Los Angeles, CA, USA Teaching Teaching experience 1 2014 University 1, Department Role: Undergraduate course Teaching experience 2 2015 University 1, Department Role: Workshop Portfolio Portfolio item number 1 Portfolio Short description of portfolio item number 1 View Project Download CV as PDF View Markdown CV --- ### CV **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/cv/ Work experienceProfessor in Catchment Hydrology, Department of Geography, Durham University2025 - to dateCo-Director of the Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience (IHRR), Durham University2020 - 2025 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, United KingdomAssociate Professor in Catchment Hydrology, Department of Geography, Durham University2020 - 2025In this role, I focused on the combination of diffuse pollution and flood hazards in a wide range of environments. This work continued to develop the catchment modelling and SCIMAP toolkit to be applicable to a wider range of issues and environments.I taught on both the BSc Geography and MSc Risk within the Geography Department in Durham on catchment and flood simulation modelling and hydrological processes.Assistant Professor in Catchment Hydrology, Department of Geography, Durham University2012 - 2020Within this role I worked on catchment hydrological processes including climate change, flood hazards and diffuse pollution. This work was largely focused on the UK and much work was structured around the Defra Eden DRC project, for which I was I Co-Investigator. This project looked at how to manage the landscape differently to reduce diffuse pollution whilst minimising impacts on farm business. I worked on the development of the SCIMAP diffuse pollution risk mapping toolkit.I also started to test the approaches developed in the UK on flood source mapping and simulation modelling to new sites including Nepal and Java, Indonesia.RCUK Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Department of Geography, Durham University2007 - 2012Department of Geography, Durham University, United KingdomI held an RCUK postdoctoral research fellowship in the Institute of Hazard and Risk and Resilience and the Department of Geography at Durham University. The main theme of my research was hazards and risks related to water and I focused on the hazard that has the greatest capability to cause widespread impacts – climate change. These potential impacts were approached through better understanding of catchment hydrological processes and the use of simulation modelling techniques to determine how the system may change under projected futures. I investigated how projected climate change may alter the hydrological functioning of catchments and how these changes may affect flooding, drought and diffuse pollution delivery to water courses.Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Department of Geography, Durham University2005-2007Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom.I worked on a NERC funded project to develop the SCIMAP diffuse pollution risk mapping toolset. This work involved terrain analysis development within open source GIS systems and the engagement with stakeholders, both within the catchments and Defra.Environmental Scientist and Visiting Researcher at the University of Leeds2002 - 2005Cascade Consulting, Manchester, UK.I worked on a UK Water Industry Research (UKWIR) funded project on the potential impact of projected climate change on water quality for UK Rivers. This work involved the development of water quality models for nitrogen (NH4 and NO3) and dissolved oxygen.Research Assistant, King’s College London, UK.1998-1999I worked on an EU funded research project, MODULUS, to develop a hydrological simulation model for semi-arid environments. This model was applied to southern Spain and Greece.Education BSc. in Geography, King’s College London, 1997 Ph.D in Modelling runoff generation and connectivity for semi-arid hillslopes and small catchments, University of Leeds, 1999 - 2003Field investigations into runoff generation, developed a hydrological simulation model and a novel agent based approach. Supervised by Prof. Mike Kirkby and Prof. Louise BrackenSkills Hydrological processes in temperate, semi-arid and tropical environments Simulation modelling of catchment hydrology and flooding Reduced complexity modelling for decision support systems Capture and use of fine scale topographic datasets Code development with C++ and PythonResearch Grants 2022-26 NERC, Assessing and Managing the Impacts of Mixtures of Chemicals on UK Freshwater Biodiversity in a Changing World ‘ECOMIX’. NE/X015750/1 £1.6m / £286k to DU 2022-23, UK Space Agency R2-D2: Resilience to Recovery – Data for Disasters 2022-22 CoI, NERC, Synthesising evidence in economics of biodiversity 2018-22 CoI, NERC, Java Flood One. £464k 2018-19, CoI, Royal Academy of Medicine, GCRF Networking Grant for Managed Aquifer Recharge with Check Dams in Botswana. £25k 2018-19 CoI, Defra, Demonstration Test Catchments for the River Eden, Phase three. £166k total. PI Prof. Phil Haygarth at Lancaster. 2018 PI Durham HEFCE GCRF, Flood hazards in Java, Indonesia. £60k 2017 – 2018: PI Durham IHRR, Nepal flood impacts assessment following the 2017 monsoon. £10k 2017 – 2018 CoI NERC, Visualising Pathogen & Environmental Risk: transition to a user-ready toolkit (ViPER II) £101k. PI Dr David Oliver, CoIs Professor AL Heathwaite, Dr PJ Bartie, Dr RS Quilliam 2014 – 2018. CoI, Defra, Demonstration Test Catchments for the River Eden, phase two. £350k in total, £90k to DU. PI Prof. Phil Haygarth, CoIs Dr. Paul Quinn, Prof. Philip Barker 2015 – 2015 CoI, NERC, Pathogen Risks in Agricultural Catchments: Towards International Collaboration and Learning in Modelling (PRACTICAL Modelling) NE/M005860/1 £37k. PI Dr David Oliver, CoI Dr RS Quilliam 2014 – 2015 PI, Eden Rivers Trust, Roe Beck: Simulation modelling of natural flood risk management £8k 2014 - 2015: PI, Development of Effective Approaches to Flood Risk Reduction using Natural Techniques on Tutta Beck, County Durham (£10000 from Tees Rivers Trust) CoI Dr Richard Hardy 2014 – 2014: PI: SCIMAP Web Application Updates; £10k from the Environment Agency / Defra. 2011 – 2015 CoI, ESRC, Spatially Targeted and Coordinated Regulation of Agricultural Externalities: An Economic Perspective £285k PI Dr. Ashar Aftab, CoIs Prof. Stuart Lane, Prof Nick Hanley 2009 – 2014 CoI, Defra, Demonstration Test Catchments for the River Eden. £2m, PI Prof. Phil Haygarth, CoIs Dr. Paul Quinn, Prof. Philip Barker, Prof. Stuart Lane, Prof. John Quinton 2010 – 2013 CoI, NERC Virtual Observatory. NE/I002200/1 £1.2m PI Emmett, B.A., CoIs: Gurney, R.J., McDonald, A.T., Blair, G., Buytaert, W., Freer, J., Haygarth, P., Johnes, P.J., Rees, G.H., Tetzlaff, D., Beven, K., Bloomfield, J. B., Macklin, M.V., Macleod, K., Quinn, P.F., Reaney, S., Stutter, M. 2009 – 2012 CoI, EPSRC Built Infrastructure for Older People’s Care in Conditions of Climate Change 2009 - 2012 CoI, NERC, Catchment change network (CCN): A professional development platform for decision-making for adaptation and uncertain environmental change £357kPublications The influence of land use, soils and topography on the delivery of hillslope runoff to channels in SE Spain M Kirkby, L Bracken, S Reaney, "The influence of land use, soils and topography on the delivery of hillslope runoff to channels in SE Spain." EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2002. Surveillant science: Challenges for the management of rural environments emerging from the new generation diffuse pollution models SN Lane, CJ Brookes, AL Heathwaite, S Reaney, "Surveillant science: Challenges for the management of rural environments emerging from the new generation diffuse pollution models." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, 2006. Use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas Reaney, S.M., Bracken, L.J. and Kirkby, M.J. (2007), Use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas. Hydrol. Process., 21: 894-906. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6281 The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments S. Reaney, "The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments." EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2008. Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index S. Lane, S. Reaney, A. Heathwaite 2009, Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index; WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2009. Volume 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007336 Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance Reaney S., Lane S., Heathwaite A. and Dugdale L., 2011: Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance; ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, Volume 222, Issue 4, Pages 1016-1029; [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022) Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme D. Wall, P. Jordan, A. Melland, P. Mellander, C. Buckley, S. Reaney, G. Shortie, "Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme." ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &amp; POLICY, 2011. A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments David Milledge, Stuart Lane, A. Heathwaite, Sim Reaney, "A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2012. Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older people's health care in England K. Oven, S. Curtis, S. Reaney, M. Riva, M. Stewart, R. Ohlemueller, C. Dunn, S. Nodwell, L. Dominelli, R. Holden, "Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older people&apos;s health care in England." APPLIED GEOGRAPHY, 2012. Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas L. Bracken, J. Wainwright, G. Ali, D. Tetzlaff, M. Smith, S. Reaney, A. Roy, "Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas." EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 2013. Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future Gerard Laniak, Gabriel Olchin, Jonathan Goodall, Alexey Voinov, Mary Hill, Pierre Glynn, Gene Whelan, Gary Geller, Nigel Quinn, Michiel Blind, Scott Peckham, Sim Reaney, Noha Gaber, Robert Kennedy, Andrew Hughes, "Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future." ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING &amp; SOFTWARE, 2013. Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges Genevieve Ali, Claire Oswald, Christopher Spence, Erik Cammeraat, Kevin McGuire, Thomas Meixner, Sim Reaney, "Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges." HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2013. High frequency variability of environmental drivers determining benthic community dynamics in headwater streams M. Snell, P. Barker, B. Surridge, A. Large, J. Jonczyk, C. Benskin, S. Reaney, M. Perks, G. Owen, W. Cleasby, C. Deasy, S. Burke, P. Haygarth, "High frequency variability of environmental drivers determining benthic community dynamics in headwater streams." ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES &amp; IMPACTS, 2014. The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach S. Reaney, L. Bracken, M. Kirkby, "The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach." HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2014. The role of tributary relative timing and sequencing in controlling large floods Pattison I., Lane S. N., Hardy R., Reaney S. M., "The role of tributary relative timing and sequencing in controlling large floods." WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2014. 50 (7) 5444-5458. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014067 A geospatial framework to support integrated biogeochemical modelling in the United Kingdom Greene S., Johnes P., Bloomfield J., Reaney S., Lawley R., Elkhatib Y., Freer J., Odoni N., Macleod C., Percy B.: 2015: A geospatial framework to support integrated biogeochemical modelling in the United Kingdom." Environmental Modelling & Software, 68, 219-232 Dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to fluvial networks draining grassland dominated headwater catchments M. Perks, G. Owen, C. Benskin, J. Jonczyk, C. Deasy, S. Burke, S. Reaney, P. Haygarth, "Dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to fluvial networks draining grassland dominated headwater catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2015. Changing climate and nutrient transfers: Evidence from high temporal resolution concentration-flow dynamics in headwater catchments M. Ockenden, C. Deasy, C. Benskin, K. Beven, S. Burke, A. Collins, R. Evans, P. Falloon, K. Forber, K. Hiscock, M. Hollaway, R. Kahana, C. Macleod, S. Reaney, M. Snell, M. Villamizar, C. Wearing, P. Withers, J. Zhou, P. Haygarth, "Changing climate and nutrient transfers: Evidence from high temporal resolution concentration-flow dynamics in headwater catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016. Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments David Oliver, Kenneth Porter, Yakov Pachepsky, Richard Muirhead, Sim Reaney, Rory Coffey, David Kay, David Milledge, Eunmi Hong, Steven Anthony, Trevor Page, Jack Bloodworth, Per-Erik Mellander, Patrice Carbonneau, Scott McGrane, Richard Quilliam, "Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016. Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments: The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development Porter K., Reaney S. M., Quilliam R., Burgess C., Oliver D.: 2017: "Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments: The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, Volume 609, 31 December 2017, Pages 456-465 Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management M. Perks, J. Warburton, L. Bracken, S. Reaney, S. Emery, S. Hirst, "Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 2017. A catchment-scale model to predict spatial and temporal burden of E. coli on pasture from grazing livestock David Oliver, Phil Bartie, A. Heathwaite, Sim Reaney, Jared Parnell, Richard Quilliam, "A catchment-scale model to predict spatial and temporal burden of E. coli on pasture from grazing livestock." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2018. The Role of Attenuation and Land Management in Small Catchments to Remove Sediment and Phosphorus: A Modelling Study of Mitigation Options and Impacts Russell Adams, Paul Quinn, Nick Barber, Sim Reaney, "The Role of Attenuation and Land Management in Small Catchments to Remove Sediment and Phosphorus: A Modelling Study of Mitigation Options and Impacts." WATER, 2018. High resolution characterisation of E. coli proliferation profiles in livestock faeces Kenneth Porter, Richard Quilliam, Sim Reaney, David Oliver, "High resolution characterisation of E. coli proliferation profiles in livestock faeces." WASTE MANAGEMENT, 2019. Strong and recurring seasonality revealed within stream diatom assemblages M. Snell, P. Barker, B. Surridge, C. Benskin, N. Barber, S. Reaney, W. Tych, D. Mindham, A. Large, S. Burke, P. Haygarth 2019: "Strong and recurring seasonality revealed within stream diatom assemblages." SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 9, 3313 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37831-w . Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain Rosanna A. Lane, Gemma Coxon, Jim E. Freer, Thorsten Wagener, Penny J. Johnes, John P. Bloomfield, Sheila Greene, Christopher J. A. Macleod & Sim M. Reaney 2019: Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain. Hydrology and Earth System Science. 23:4011-4032. Identifying critical source areas using multiple methods for effective diffuse pollution mitigation Reaney, S.M., Mackay, E.B., Haygarth, P.M., Fisher, M., Molineux, A., Potts, M. & Benskin, C. McW.H. Identifying critical source areas using multiple methods for effective diffuse pollution mitigation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019;250:109366 A new framework for integrated, holistic, and transparent evaluation of inter-basin water transfer schemes Sinha P., Rollason E., Bracken L. J., Wainwright J., Reaney S. M., 2020: "A new framework for integrated, holistic, and transparent evaluation of inter-basin water transfer schemes." Science of The Total Environment, Volume 721, 15 June 2020, 137646. Transmission loss estimation for ephemeral sand rivers in Southern Africa Mathias S. A., Reaney S. M. and Kenabatho P. K. 2021: "Transmission loss estimation for ephemeral sand rivers in Southern Africa." Journal of Hydrology, Volume 600, September 2021, 126487. Catchment Models and Management Tools for Diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DiffuseTools Project Thomas I., Bruen M., Mockler E., Werner C., Mellander P., Reaney S., Rymszewicz A., McGrath G., Eder E., Wade A., Collins A. and Arheimer B. 2021: "Catchment Models and Management Tools for Diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DiffuseTools Project" *Irish EPA Research Report no. 396*. ISBN: 978-1-84095-011-8 Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments Reaney, Sim M. (2022) Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments. Journal of Flood Risk Management Volume 15, Issue 3 e12803 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12803 Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK Lashford, C.; Lavers, T.; Reaney, S.; Charlesworth, S.; Burgess-Gamble, L.; Dale, J. 2022: Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK. _Water_, 14, 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081204 Identification of floodwater source areas in Nepal using SCIMAP-Flood Pearson C. J., Reaney S. M.,Perks M. T.,Hortobagyi B., Rosser N. J. and Large A. R. G. 2022: Identification of floodwater source areas in Nepal using SCIMAP-Flood, Journal of Flood Risk Management https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12840 Impact of land cover, rainfall and topography on flood risk in West Java Rahayu R., Mathias, S. A., Reaney S., Vesuviano G., Suwarman R., Ramdhan A. M. (2023) Impact of land cover, rainfall and topography on flood risk in West Java. Natural Hazards 116, 1735–1758 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05737-6 Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management Wolf, K., Mills, J. P., Cormier, L., Dunn, R., Fairless, O., Falaye, A., Gordon, S., Jayamanne, O., Morris-Wiltshire, C., Myall, E., Salgado-Castillo, F., Shukla, Y., Taylor, L., Robson, E., Donoghue, D., Dawson, R. J., Lewis, E., Reaney, S. M., Scott, E., Freedman J., Marshall S., Walker P., Hinds, H. (2025). Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management. Remote Sensing, 17(9), 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091545 Rainfall–runoff modelling in a tropical climate (Citarum basin, West Java, Indonesia): model and climate data intercomparison Vesuviano G., Mathias S. A., Rahayu R., Reaney S. M.; Rainfall–runoff modelling in a tropical climate (Citarum basin, West Java, Indonesia): model and climate data intercomparison. Hydrology Research 2025; nh2025021. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2025.021 A Systematic Review of Monitoring Approaches to Assess Hydrological Conditions in Small Catchments With Natural Flood Management Jones, A. D., J. L. A. Knapp, S. M. Reaney, and I. Pattison. 2025. “ A Systematic Review of Monitoring Approaches to Assess Hydrological Conditions in Small Catchments With Natural Flood Management.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 18, no. 4: e70152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.70152. Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification in Central Himalayan river systems Pink, I., Reaney, S.M., Hardy, R.J. et al. Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification in Central Himalayan river systems. Sci Rep 15, 42277 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26815-2 Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream Perks, M. T., Barber, N., Heritage, G. L., Knaggs, J., Reaney, S. M., Runeckles, H., et al. (2026). Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream. Water Resources Research, 62, e2025WR041858. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041858 Talks Spatially based management of agricultural phosphorus pollution from diffuse sources: the SCIMAP risk based approach December 01, 2007 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA The Control of Salmonid Populations by Hydrological Connectivity: an Analysis at the Local, Reach and Watershed scales December 01, 2007 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Estimation of climate change impacts on river flow and catchment hydrological connectivity incorporating uncertainty from multiple climate models, stochastic downscaling and hydrological model parameterisation error sources December 01, 2008 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA From scaling up to scaling down land management impacts on downstream flood risk April 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Importance of sub-catchments peak flow relative timing on downstream flood risk April 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Long term changes in flood risk in the Eden Catchment, Cumbria: Links to changes in Weather Types and Land Use April 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment June 20, 2009 Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England June 20, 2009 SCIMAP: Modelling Diffuse Pollution in Large River Basins December 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Connectivity Under Possible Future Climates - Impacts on River Flow Dynamics and Non-Point Source Pollution December 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Spatial and Temporal Influences on Hydrologic Connectivity: A Mathematical Formalization December 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Towards minimum information requirements for representing hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale (Invited) December 01, 2009 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Determining which land management practices reduce catchment scale flood risk and where to implement them for optimum effect May 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Downscaling catchment scale flood risk to contributing sub-catchments to determine the optimum location for flood management. May 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Mapping heat wave risk in the UK: Proactive planning for the 2050s May 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria A pilot Virtual Observatory (pVO) for integrated catchment science - Demonstration of national scale modelling of hydrology and biogeochemistry (Invited) December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Death and landscape dynamics: The effect of tree throw on sediment transport and landscape evolution December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Inverse modelling of diffuse pollution risks in agricultural catchments December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Optimal sampling of soil depth variability for the prediction of hydrological response December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Science in the clouds: UAVs and cloud computing methods for spatial diffuse pollution risk assessment (Invited) December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA The Demonstration Test Catchment Approach to Land and Water Management in the river Eden Watershed, UK. (Invited) December 01, 2010 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA How to make a connection across the landscape: interactions between topography, weather and hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale. July 01, 2011 Using distributed, landscape based, ecosystem services to mitigate flood risk within the River Eden catchment: The ALFA approach September 15, 2011 Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland September 15, 2011 A framework to understand spatial and temporal connectivity dynamics at hill slope and catchment scales. December 01, 2011 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland December 01, 2011 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments April 01, 2012 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria The River Edendtc Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment April 01, 2012 Cloud-enabled Web Applications for Environmental Modelling December 01, 2012 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Hydrological models as web services: Experiences from the Environmental Virtual Observatory project December 01, 2012 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Improving National Capability in Biogeochemical Flux Modelling: the UK Environmental Virtual Observatory (EVOp) December 01, 2012 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Understanding the main uncertainties in hydrological impact ensembles of Regional Climate Models predictions for large catchments in the UK December 01, 2012 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Rural Land Management: Simultaneous benefits for both floods and droughts? April 01, 2013 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Mapping diffuse pollution source areas at the landscape scale: The SCIMAP approach June 12, 2013 Poster at Land User and Water Quality 2013, The Hague, Netherlands Physical causes of rainfall threshold and connectivity for post-fire runoff August 28, 2013 Talk at AGU Chapman Conference, Estes Park, CO 80511, USA Overview of Hydrological Connectivity September 08, 2013 Talk at The Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada Emergent structures and understanding from a comparative uncertainty analysis of the FUSE rainfall-runoff modelling platform for &gt;1,100 catchments December 01, 2013 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA High temporal resolution water chemistry information for catchment understanding and management December 01, 2013 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Understanding fine sediment and phosphorous delivery in upland catchments December 01, 2013 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA The Influence of temporal sampling regime on the WFD classification of catchments within the Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Project May 01, 2014 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Time-integrated suspended sediment monitoring networks: Potential and implications for geomorphology May 01, 2014 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Enabling Access To Non-Point Source Risk Mapping Tools Using Open Source Software And Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Standards: The Development Of The SCIMAP Webapp August 12, 2014 Talk at Hydroinfomatics, New York, USA Modelling tools for catchment science and management August 15, 2014 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Xining, Qinghai, China Designing Schemes to Mitigate Non-Point Source Water Pollution from Agriculture: The Value of High-Resolution Hydrochemical and Hydrophysical Data December 01, 2014 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. December 01, 2014 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Tackling landscape scale pressures on in-stream water quality and flood risk: Predicting and simulating hydrological connectivity March 02, 2015 Talk at Stirling University, Stirling, Scotland Investigating the potential to reduce flood risk through catchment-based land management techniques and interventions in the River Roe catchment, Cumbria,UK April 01, 2015 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Managing multiple diffuse pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. April 01, 2015 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria The challenge of lots of data: different ways to synthesise and visualise high frequency catchment data April 01, 2015 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria The value of oxygen-isotope data and multiple discharge records in calibrating a fully-distributed, physically-based rainfall-runoff model (CRUM3) to improve predictive capability April 01, 2015 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents September 01, 2015 Talk at Durham University, Durham, UK Natural Flood Risk Management and Working with Natural Processes. What has been done on the Eden? September 15, 2015 Talk at Eden Rivers Trust, Penrith, England Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale September 15, 2015 Poster at COST Action Connecteur Meeting, Durham, England Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents September 15, 2015 Poster at COST Action Connecteur Meeting, Durham, England SCIMAP-Flood: A preview of the new tool for spatial targeting of natural flood risk management schemes October 18, 2016 Talk at SCIMAP User Group Meeting 2016, London, England Catchment management, SuDS and NFM for flood mitigation. Tutta Beck, County Durham October 20, 2016 Talk at Flood Expo 2016, London, England A New Approach To Soil Sampling For Risk Assessment Of Nutrient Mobilisation. December 01, 2016 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Mitigating Agricultural Diffuse Pollution: Learning from The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Experiments December 01, 2016 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Spatio-temporal dynamics in phytobenthos structural properties reveal insights into agricultural catchment dynamics and nutrient fluxes December 01, 2016 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Temporal dynamics and projected future changes in the nitrate leaching in a small river catchment dominated by under-drained clay soil grasslands: analysis of high-frequency monitoring data December 01, 2016 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA The Treatment Train approach to reducing non-point source pollution from agriculture December 01, 2016 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, San Francisco, USA Catchment Models and Management Tools for diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DIFFUSE Project April 01, 2017 Talk at In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria Spatial targeting of diffuse pollution mitigation features: from landscapes to sub-catchments within the SCIMAP approach. May 29, 2017 Talk at SCIMAP User Group Meeting 2016, The Hague, Netherlands Tacking Flood Risk from Watersheds using a Natural Flood Risk Management Toolkit December 01, 2017 Talk at In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, New Orleans, USA Modelling and using structural and functional connectivity March 01, 2018 Talk at University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy Catchment scale flood management using SCIMAP-Flood: Spatial targeting of flood hazard reduction measures in the East Rapti catchment, Nepal April 09, 2019 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria The identification of sediment and connectivity patterns to map critical source areas across scales for effective mitigation of diffuse sediment pollution April 09, 2019 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Use of Remote Sensing techniques and drones in mapping potential areas for managed aquifer recharge July 09, 2019 Talk at University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana Catchment scale flood management through spatial targeting: a case study of the East Rapti catchment, Nepal December 09, 2019 Talk at AGU, San Francisco, USA The SCIMAP Toolkit: Sediment, Nutrients and FIOs July 21, 2020 Talk at Catchment Data User Group Meeting 2020, Online Managing Floods (and other) Risks October 13, 2020 Talk at IHRR Annual Conference, Durham, England Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments April 17, 2024 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Climate storminess as a driver of surface processes and a limiting factor for topographic responses to rock uplift April 17, 2024 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria The effect of land surface characteristics on runoff generation and nitrate fluxes from a Kenyan tea plantation April 17, 2024 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Opportunity mapping for nature-based solutions for flood hazard reduction and water quality improvements with the SCIMAP toolkit April 17, 2024 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments May 02, 2024 Talk at SETAC, Dublin, Ireland How ‘Leaky’ Should a Leaky Dam Be? April 02, 2025 Talk at River Restoration Centre Conference, Brighton, England Identifying the source of anthropic pressures on in-stream benthic algae communities within the River Eden catchment, UK April 29, 2025 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification of Central Himalayan Rivers April 29, 2025 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria How “leaky” should a leaky dam be? Insights from physical modelling at a white-water rafting course April 30, 2025 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream May 07, 2026 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Water Quality Responses to Floods and Droughts in the Context of Climate and Land Use Change May 07, 2026 Talk at EGU, Vienna, Austria Using Space-Time Image Velocimetry to assess characteristics of flow through full-scale leaky dams for flood hazard reduction May 07, 2026 Poster at EGU, Vienna, Austria Catchment-Scale Changes in Runoff Dynamics Following Natural Flood Management Interventions May 08, 2026 Poster at EGU, Vienna, Austria Die Identifizierung von Hochwasserherkunftsgebieten anhand des Konnektivitätsmodels SCIMAP-Flood am Beispiel der Urft. July 03, 2026 Talk at Fünf Jahre nach der Flut 2021 – Forschungsperspektiven im Wandel, Remagen-Kripp, Germany Future Flood Hazards in Nepal: Projecting Magnitude Changes and Targeting Nature-based Mitigation. August 05, 2026 Talk at AOGS, Fukuoka, Japan Impacts of Climate and Land-use Change on Water Quality, Floods, and Droughts for Catchments in Northern England August 05, 2026 Talk at AOGS, Fukuoka, Japan Teaching BSc Teaching experience CPD Teaching experience MSc Teaching experience --- ### Jupyter notebook markdown generator **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/markdown_generator/ # Jupyter notebook markdown generatorThese .ipynb files are Jupyter notebook files that convert a TSV containing structured data about talks (`talks.tsv`) or presentations (`presentations.tsv`) into individual markdown files that will be properly formatted for the academicpages template. The notebooks contain a lot of documentation about the process. 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List item one 1. List item one 1. List item one 2. List item two 3. List item three 4. List item four 2. List item two 3. List item three 4. List item four 2. List item two 3. List item three 4. List item four## ButtonsMake any link standout more when applying the `.btn` class.## Notices**Watch out!** You can also add notices by appending `{: .notice}` to a paragraph.{: .notice}## HTML Tags### Address Tag 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 United States### Anchor Tag (aka. Link)This is an example of a [link](http://github.com "Github").### Abbreviation TagThe abbreviation CSS stands for "Cascading Style Sheets".*[CSS]: Cascading Style Sheets### Cite Tag"Code is poetry." ---Automattic### Code TagYou will learn later on in these tests that `word-wrap: break-word;` will be your best friend.### Strike TagThis tag will let you strikeout text.### Emphasize TagThe emphasize tag should _italicize_ text.### Insert TagThis tag should denote inserted text.### Keyboard TagThis scarcely known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the `` tag.### Preformatted TagThis tag styles large blocks of code..post-title { margin: 0 0 5px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 38px; line-height: 1.2; and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows;}### Quote TagDevelopers, developers, developers… –Steve Ballmer### Strong TagThis tag shows **bold text**.### Subscript TagGetting our science styling on with H2O, which should push the "2" down.### Superscript TagStill sticking with science and Isaac Newton's E = MC2, which should lift the 2 up.### Variable TagThis allows you to denote variables. --- ### Page Archive **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/page-archive/ {% include base_path %}{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %}{% endfor %} --- ### Page Not Found **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/404.html Sorry, but the page you were trying to view does not exist — perhaps you can try searching for it below. --- ### Page not in menu **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/non-menu-page/ This is a page not in the menu. You can use markdown in this page.Heading 1======Heading 2====== --- ### Portfolio **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/portfolio/ {% include base_path %}{% for post in site.portfolio %} {% include archive-single.html %}{% endfor %} --- ### Posts by Category **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/categories/ --- ### Posts by Collection **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/collection-archive/ portfolio Capturing the World: 360° Imaging for Geographical Research 360 degree photograph provides a novel and useful way to capture field sites to share with others and to help with interpretation back at the desk. The Eden DTC Project The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment project (2009-2018) was a collaborative project tackling diffuse pollution impacts on fresh water and ecology. BIOPICCC - Built Infrastructure for Older People in Conditions of Climate Change Published: October 08, 2009 Looking into changing heatwaves and cold wavew under projected climate change CRUM3 Catchment Simulation Model Simulating water flow across landscapes and through river channel systems Mapping flood extent in Nepal for the 2017 Monsoon Mapping the extent of flood inundation in Nepal Indonesia: Java Flood One Development of a flood early warning system for bankside communities in Java, Indonesia. Reducing Flood Risk in Java Working on flood generation and flood impacts on Java, Indonesia. SCIMAP Diffuse Pollution and Flood Source Area Mapping The SCIMAP Web Application Web Application for Diffuse Pollution and Flood Source Area Mapping Monitoring changes in diffuse pollution source risk with time-lapse photography Monitoring changes in diffuse pollution source risk with time-lapse photography Tutta Beck Natural Flood Risk Management project The potential for using natural flood management & SuDS techniques at the landscape scale: an application to the Tutta Beck catchment, County Durham Web based SCIMAP Published: January 20, 2016 Enabling access to non-point source risk mapping tools using Open Source Software and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards: the development of the SCIMAP WebApp publications The influence of land use, soils and topography on the delivery of hillslope runoff to channels in SE Spain Published in EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2002 “It is generally accepted that within particular physiographic and climatic regions catchments exhibit differences in their hydrological response. These differences result from the interaction of spatial variability in catchment characteristics, variability of rainfall inputs and surface and subsurface hydrological processes. These interactions are complex and difficult to unravel. Hydrologically similar surfaces (HYSS) have been used to identify catchment areas that have a similar response to rainfall and have been identified at a number of scales. HYSS have been identified at the subcatchment scale for the Rambla de Nogalte in SE Spain. Areas with similar at-a-point hydrological storages were distinguished by using a combination of geology, land use and topography. This mapping was compared with discharge estimates made throughout the catchment following a seven-year return interval flood in September 1997. From this significant flood source areas were identified from reaches showing rapidly increasing channel discharge, and associated with HYSS that combined suitable internal characteristics with good connectivity to the main channel. This paper presents a simulation model that has been developed to investigate the way in which the hydrological response of areas within a HYSS respond to changes in source area, gradient, connectivity to the channel, storm size and intensity profile. This is one of the first studies using a hillslope model to investigate spatial patterns of runoff-response in semi-arid areas and results have implications for scaling up hydrological response, and on how the dynamics of runoff producing areas vary both underchanging storm conditions and over time. It is implicit in our results that the nature of stream-slope coupling differs substantively between semi-arid and humid areas. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd..” Recommended citation: M Kirkby, L Bracken, S Reaney, "The influence of land use, soils and topography on the delivery of hillslope runoff to channels in SE Spain." EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2002. Surveillant science: Challenges for the management of rural environments emerging from the new generation diffuse pollution models Published in JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, 2006 “Current models of diffuse pollution are characterised by a progressive engagement with remotely-sensed data coupled with more elegant modelling approaches. Central to these new models is the concept of connectivity, which leads to the identification and prioritisation of those landscape units (e.g., fields) where the consequences of land management activities are most readily transmitted to watercourses. The practice of diffuse pollution modelling using such models encounters certain problems. Following Brewer we argue that interdisciplinarity offers the opportunity to overcome these problems through: (1) its explicit recognition of the framing implicit in model development; (2) an emphasis on context in problem-solving; (3) methodological pluralism; and (4) following from these other factors, the possibility of a different sort of engagement between land managers and modellers. Hence, the case for developing interdisciplinary approaches goes beyond the conventional dictates of problem-led research and points to very different ways of conducting diffuse pollution research, taking on board the full dimensions of interdisciplinarity, with its emphasis on reflexivity, contextuality, substance and engagement..” Recommended citation: SN Lane, CJ Brookes, AL Heathwaite, S Reaney, "Surveillant science: Challenges for the management of rural environments emerging from the new generation diffuse pollution models." JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, 2006. Use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas Published in HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2007 “Much attention has been given to the surface controls on the generation and transmission of runoff in semi-arid areas. However, the surface controls form only one part of the system; hence, it is important to consider the effect that the characteristics of the storm event have on the generation of runoff and the transmission of flow across the slope. The impact of storm characteristics has been investigated using the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM). This is a distributed, dynamic hydrology model that considers the hydrological processes relevant to semi-arid environments at the temporal scale of a single storm event. The key storm characteristics that have been investigated are the storm duration, rainfall intensity, rainfall variability and temporal structure. This has been achieved through the use of a series of defined storm hydrographs and stochastic rainfall. Results show that the temporal fragmentation of high-intensity rainfall is important for determining the travel distances of overland flow and, hence, the amount of runoff that leaves the slope as discharge. If the high-intensity rainfall is fragmented, then the runoff infiltrates a short distance downslope. Longer periods of high-intensity rainfall allow the runoff to travel further and, hence, become discharge. Therefore, storms with similar amounts of high-intensity rainfall can produce very different amounts of discharge depending on the storm characteristics. The response of the hydrological system to changes in the rainfall characteristics can be explained using a four-stage model of the runoff generation process. These stages are: (1) all water infiltrating, (2) the surface depression store filling or emptying without runoff occurring, (3) the generation and transmission of runoff and (4) the transmission of runoff without new runoff being generated. The storm event will move the system between the four stages and the nature of the rainfall required to move between the stages is determined by the surface characteristics. This research shows the importance of the variable-intensity rainfall when modelling semi-arid runoff generation. The amount of discharge may be greater or less than the amount that would have been produced if constant rainfall intensity is used in the model. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Recommended citation: Reaney, S.M., Bracken, L.J. and Kirkby, M.J. (2007), Use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas. Hydrol. Process., 21: 894-906. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6281 The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments Published in EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2008 “Information on the spatial and temporal origin of runoff entering the channel during a storm event would be valuable in understanding the physical dynamics of catchment hydrology; this knowledge could be used to help design flood defences and diffuse pollution mitigation strategies. The majority of distributed hydrological models give information on the amount of flow leaving a catchment and the pattern of fluxes within the catchment. However, these models do not give any precise information on the origin of runoff within the catchment. The spatial and temporal distribution of runoff sources is particularly intricate in semi-arid catchments, where there are complex interactions between runoff generation, transmission and re-infiltration over short temporal scales. Agents are software components that are capable of moving through and responding to their local environment. In this application, the agents trace the path taken by water through the catchment. They have information on their local environment and on the basis of this information make decisions on where to move. Within a given model iteration, the agents are able to stay in the current cell, infiltrate into the soil or flow into a neighbouring cell. The information on the current state of the hydrological environment is provided by the environment generator. In this application, the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) has been used to generate the environment. CRUM is a physically based, distributed, dynamic hydrology model, which considers the hydrological processes relevant for a semi-arid environment at the temporal scale of a single storm event. During the storm event, agents are introduced into the model across the catchment; they trace the flows of water and store information on the flow pathways. Therefore, this modelling approach is capable of giving a novel picture of the temporal and spatial dynamics of flow generation and transmission during a storm event. This is possible by extracting the pathways taken by the agents at different time slices during the storm. The agent based modelling approach has been applied to two small catchments in South East Spain. The modelling approach showed that the two catchments responded differently to the same rainfall event due to the differences in the runoff generation and overland flow connectivity between the two catchments. The model also showed that the time of travel to the nearest flow concentration is extremely important for determining the connectivity of a point in the landscape with the catchment outflow. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Recommended citation: S. Reaney, "The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments." EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, 2008. Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index Published in WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2009 “This paper assesses the extent to which a topographically defined description of the spatial arrangement of catchment wetness can be used to represent landscape hydrological connectivity in temperate river catchments. A physically based distributed hydrological model is used to characterize the space-time patterns of surface overland flow connection to the drainage network. These characterizations are compared with a static descriptor of the spatial structure of topographically controlled local wetness, called here the Network Index. Theoretically, if topography is the primary control upon hydrological response, the level of catchment wetness required to maintain connectivity along a flow path should be greater for flow paths that have a lower value of the topographically controlled local wetness. We find that our static descriptor can be used to generalize a significant proportion of the time-averaged spatial variability in connectivity, in terms of both the propensity to and duration of connection. Although the extent to which this finding holds will vary with the extent of topographic control of hydrological response, in catchments with relatively shallow soils and impervious geology our index could improve significantly the estimation of the transfer of sediment and dissolved materials to the drainage network and so assist with both diffuse pollution and climate change impact studies. The work also provides a second reason for the concept that there are Critical Source Areas in river catchments: these arise from the extent to which that material can be delivered to the drainage network, as well as the generation of risky material itself.” Recommended citation: S. Lane, S. Reaney, A. Heathwaite 2009, Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index; WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2009. Volume 45, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007336 Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance Published in ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, 2011 “Research has demonstrated that landscape or watershed scale processes can influence instream aquatic ecosystems, in terms of the impacts of delivery of fine sediment, solutes and organic matter. Testing such impacts upon populations of organisms (i.e. at the catchment scale) has not proven straightforward and differences have emerged in the conclusions reached. This is: (1) partly because different studies have focused upon different scales of enquiry; but also (2) because the emphasis upon upstream land cover has rarely addressed the extent to which such land covers are hydrologically connected, and hence able to deliver diffuse pollution, to the drainage network However, there is a third issue. In order to develop suitable hydrological models, we need to conceptualise the process cascade. To do this, we need to know what matters to the organism being impacted by the hydrological system, such that we can identify which processes need to be modelled. Acquiring such knowledge is not easy, especially for organisms like fish that might occupy very different locations in the river over relatively short periods of time. However, and inevitably, hydrological modellers have started by building up piecemeal the aspects of the problem that we think matter to fish. Herein, we report two developments: (a) for the case of sediment associated diffuse pollution from agriculture, a risk-based modelling framework, SCIMAP, has been developed, which is distinct because it has an explicit focus upon hydrological connectivity; and (b) we use spatially distributed ecological data to infer the processes and the associated process parameters that matter to salmonid fry. We apply the model to spatially distributed salmon and fry data from the River Eden, Cumbria, England. The analysis shows, quite surprisingly, that arable land covers are relatively unimportant as drivers of fry abundance. What matters most is intensive pasture, a land cover that could be associated with a number of stressors on salmonid fry (e.g. pesticides, fine sediment) and which allows us to identify a series of risky field locations, where this land cover is readily connected to the river system by overland flow. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: Reaney S., Lane S., Heathwaite A. and Dugdale L., 2011: Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance; ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, Volume 222, Issue 4, Pages 1016-1029; [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022) Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme Published in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY, 2011 “Agricultural catchments are where farm and landscape management interact with policy and science; especially with regard to the implementation and evaluation of agri-environmental regulation. The Nitrates Directive constrains nitrogen and phosphorus use and management on agricultural land across all EU member states and is one of the programmes of measures to mitigate eutrophication of water resources under the Water Framework Directive. All policies require a robust evaluation tool and for the potential diffuse transfer of nutrients from land to water, the nutrient transfer continuum concept is applied here as an example framework in small (6-30 km(2)) catchments. The experimental design, methods and some early results are presented: auditing nutrient sources to established levels of compliance is the first stage and considers nutrient use and soil status. Studying pathways provides an understanding of linkages between the land sources and delivery in catchment rivers. This delivery is generally associated with episodic, high magnitude transfers and may not necessarily be the only or even primary ecological impact in rivers. Critiquing existing delivery/impact metrics and defining appropriate standards for identifying trajectories associated with diffuse nutrient transfer will be important in ensuring that agri-environmental policies are given a fair and thorough evaluation over a suitable time period. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: D. Wall, P. Jordan, A. Melland, P. Mellander, C. Buckley, S. Reaney, G. Shortie, "Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme." ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &amp; POLICY, 2011. A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2012 “The hydrological and biogeochemical processes that operate in catchments influence the ecological quality of freshwater systems through delivery of fine sediment, nutrients and organic matter. Most models that seek to characterise the delivery of diffuse pollutants from land to water are reductionist. The multitude of processes that are parameterised in such models to ensure generic applicability make them complex and difficult to test on available data. Here, we outline an alternative - data-driven - inverse approach. We apply SCIMAP, a parsimonious risk based model that has an explicit treatment of hydrological connectivity. we take a Bayesian approach to the inverse problem of determining the risk that must be assigned to different land uses in a catchment in order to explain the spatial patterns of measured in-stream nutrient concentrations. We apply the model to identify the key sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffuse pollution risk in eleven UK catchments covering a range of landscapes. The model results show that: 1) some land use generates a consistently high or low risk of diffuse nutrient pollution; but 2) the risks associated with different land uses vary both between catchments and between nutrients; and 3) that the dominant sources of P and N risk in the catchment are often a function of the spatial configuration of land uses. Taken on a case-by-case basis, this type of inverse approach may be used to help prioritise the focus of interventions to reduce diffuse pollution risk for freshwater ecosystems. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: David Milledge, Stuart Lane, A. Heathwaite, Sim Reaney, "A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2012. Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older people's health care in England Published in APPLIED GEOGRAPHY, 2012 “Health and social care systems (including the care needs of the population and infrastructures providing health and social care) are likely to be influenced by climate change, in particular by the increasing frequency and severity of weather-related hazards such as floods and heatwaves. Coldwaves will also continue to be challenging in the foreseeable future. Protecting people's health and wellbeing from the impacts of climate change is especially important for older people, as they are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards. In addition, the proportion of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase significantly. This paper addresses these issues through a discussion of our work to map variations across England in future hazards, vulnerability and risk. We explain how this mapping has been used to identify areas of the country where the built infrastructure serving the older age group might be most severely impacted by climate-related events over the next 20-30 years and where planning for adaptation and resilience is most urgently required. Based on a review of research on the links between extreme weather events and their impacts on older people's health and the care services on which they depend, we developed operational definitions of extreme weather-related hazards likely to place particular pressure on health and social care systems that are essential for older people's health and wellbeing. We consider ways to relate these to the latest climate projections for the 2030s from the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCP09); river and coastal flooding projections for the 2050s from the 2004 UK Government's Foresight Flood and Coastal Defence Project (Environment Agency, 2004); and demographic projections for 2031 produced by the Office for National Statistics, UK. The research highlights the complexity of undertaking future hazard and vulnerability assessments. Key challenges include: how to define future hazards associated with climate change; how to predict and interpret future socio-demographic conditions contributing to vulnerability; and how geographical variability in hazards and vulnerabilities may combine to produce risks at the local level. In contrast to a number of more local studies which have focused on the vulnerability of urban populations to the impact of climate change (particularly heatwaves), the findings highlight the potential vulnerability of older populations in more rural regions (often in coastal areas) to a range of extreme weather-related hazards in both the North and South of England. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: K. Oven, S. Curtis, S. Reaney, M. Riva, M. Stewart, R. Ohlemueller, C. Dunn, S. Nodwell, L. Dominelli, R. Holden, "Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older people&apos;s health care in England." APPLIED GEOGRAPHY, 2012. Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas Published in EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 2013 “For effective catchment management and intervention in hydrological systems a process-based understanding of hydrological connectivity is required so that: i) conceptual rather than solely empirical understanding drives how systems are interpreted; and ii) there is an understanding of how continuous flow fields develop under different sets of environmental conditions to enable managers to know when, where and how to intervene in catchment processes successfully. In order to direct future research into process-based hydrological connectivity this paper: i) evaluates the extent to which different concepts of hydrological connectivity have emerged from different approaches to measure and predict flow in different environments; ii) discusses the extent to which these different concepts are mutually compatible; and iii) assesses further research to contribute to a unified understanding of hydrological processes. Existing research is categorised into five different approaches to investigating hydrological connectivity: i) evaluating soil moisture patterns (soil moisture connectivity); ii) understanding runoff patterns and processes on hillslopes (flow-process connectivity); iii) investigating topographic controls (terrain-connectivity) including the impact of road networks on hydrological connectivity and catchment runoff; iv) developing models to explore and predict hydrological connectivity; and v) developing indices of hydrological connectivity. Analysis of published research suggests a relationship between research group, approach, geographic setting and the interpretation of hydrological connectivity. For further understanding of hydrological connectivity our knowledge needs to be developed using a range of techniques and approaches, there should be common understandings between researchers approaching the concept from different perspectives, and these meanings need to be communicated effectively with those responsible for land management. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: L. Bracken, J. Wainwright, G. Ali, D. Tetzlaff, M. Smith, S. Reaney, A. Roy, "Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas." EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS, 2013. Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future Published in ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, 2013 “Integrated environmental modeling (IEM) is inspired by modern environmental problems, decisions, and policies and enabled by transdisciplinary science and computer capabilities that allow the environment to be considered in a holistic way. The problems are characterized by the extent of the environmental system involved, dynamic and interdependent nature of stressors and their impacts, diversity of stakeholders, and integration of social, economic, and environmental considerations. IEM provides a science-based structure to develop and organize relevant knowledge and information and apply it to explain, explore, and predict the behavior of environmental systems in response to human and natural sources of stress. During the past several years a number of workshops were held that brought IEM practitioners together to share experiences and discuss future needs and directions. In this paper we organize and present the results of these discussions. IEM is presented as a landscape containing four interdependent elements: applications, science, technology, and community. The elements are described from the perspective of their role in the landscape, current practices, and challenges that must be addressed. Workshop participants envision a global scale IEM community that leverages modern technologies to streamline the movement of science-based knowledge from its sources in research, through its organization into databases and models, to its integration and application for problem solving purposes. Achieving this vision will require that the global community of IEM stakeholders transcend social, and organizational boundaries and pursue greater levels of collaboration. Among the highest priorities for community action are the development of standards for publishing IEM data and models in forms suitable for automated discovery, access, and integration: education of the next generation of environmental stakeholders, with a focus on transdisciplinary research, development, and decision making: and providing a web-based platform for community interactions (e.g., continuous virtual workshops). Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Recommended citation: Gerard Laniak, Gabriel Olchin, Jonathan Goodall, Alexey Voinov, Mary Hill, Pierre Glynn, Gene Whelan, Gary Geller, Nigel Quinn, Michiel Blind, Scott Peckham, Sim Reaney, Noha Gaber, Robert Kennedy, Andrew Hughes, "Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future." ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING &amp; SOFTWARE, 2013. Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges Published in HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2013 Extrapolating the influence of local runoff generation processes to larger watershed scales has not always proven successful (Sivapalan, 2003; Kirchner, 2006; McDonnell et al., 2007). This has led to a call among hydrologists for research frameworks within which to pose questions, choose methodology, and shape interpretation and analysis of hydrological behaviour for advancing our understanding of watershed scale processes. In recent years, a shift towards focusing on catchment emergent properties and developing a unified hydrological theory (Sivapalan, 2005) as opposed to fine-scale process descriptions for individual catchments has occurred. One such emergent property is the hillslope- or catchment-scale threshold runoff response (e.g. Bonell, 1998; Weiler et al., 2005; Zehe et al., 2005; Lehmann et al., 2007), which is the critical point in time or space at which runoff behaviour rapidly changes (Phillips, 2006). In describing threshold driven systems, we have recognized that the simplicity of overall emergent catchment response is likely to be the result of interactions and feedbacks between processes that we do not fully understand. The use of thresholds as effective diagnostic tools of catchment behaviour has however been hindered by the fact that knowledge gained over different sites stand as disparate cases with no unifying theory to connect them. In this commentary, we build upon discussions from the AGU 2011 Fall Meeting session ‘Moving Towards a Unified Threshold-based Hydrological Theory’ to propose a new unifying hydrological research framework based on nonlinear threshold theory. It is not the goal of this commentary to summarize each of the presentations from the AGU session; rather, we discuss several of the central topics that emerged as the session progressed. These topics include: (1) defining a set of organizing principles for a threshold-based framework, (2) assessing the measurement-related hurdles we face on the road towards a threshold-based theory, and (3) encouraging both inductive and deductive methods to examine threshold behaviours in community-level experiments across sites. Recommended citation: Genevieve Ali, Claire Oswald, Christopher Spence, Erik Cammeraat, Kevin McGuire, Thomas Meixner, Sim Reaney, "Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges." HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2013. High frequency variability of environmental drivers determining benthic community dynamics in headwater streams Published in ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS, 2014 “Headwater streams are an important feature of the landscape, with their diversity in structure and associated ecological function providing a potential natural buffer against downstream nutrient export. Phytobenthic communities, dominated in many headwaters by diatoms, must respond to physical and chemical parameters that can vary in magnitude within hours, whereas the ecological regeneration times are much longer. How diatom communities develop in the fluctuating, dynamic environments characteristic of headwaters is poorly understood. Deployment of near- continuous monitoring technology in sub-catchments of the River Eden, NW England, provides the opportunity for measurement of temporal variability in stream discharge and nutrient resource supply to benthic communities, as represented by monthly diatom samples collected over two years. Our data suggest that the diatom communities and the derived Trophic Diatom Index, best reflect stream discharge conditions over the preceding 18-21 days and Total Phosphorus concentrations over a wider antecedent window of 7-21 days. This is one of the first quantitative assessments of long-term diatom community development in response to continuously-measured stream nutrient concentration and discharge fluctuations. The data reveal the sensitivity of these headwater communities to mean conditions prior to sampling, with flow as the dominant variable. With sufficient understanding of the role of antecedent conditions, these methods can be used to inform interpretation of monitoring data, including those collected under the European Water Framework Directive and related mitigation efforts..” Recommended citation: M. Snell, P. Barker, B. Surridge, A. Large, J. Jonczyk, C. Benskin, S. Reaney, M. Perks, G. Owen, W. Cleasby, C. Deasy, S. Burke, P. Haygarth, "High frequency variability of environmental drivers determining benthic community dynamics in headwater streams." ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES &amp; IMPACTS, 2014. The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach Published in HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2014 “In semi-arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment-based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi-arid environment, characteristic of south-eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope-channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Recommended citation: S. Reaney, L. Bracken, M. Kirkby, "The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach." HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, 2014. The role of tributary relative timing and sequencing in controlling large floods Published in WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2014 “Hydrograph convolution is a product of tributary inputs from across the watershed. The time-space distribution of precipitation, the biophysical processes that control the conversion of precipitation to runoff and channel flow conveyance processes, are heterogeneous and different areas respond to rainfall in different ways. We take a subwatershed approach to this and account for tributary flow magnitude, relative timing, and sequencing. We hypothesize that as the scale of the watershed increases so we may start to see systematic differences in subwatershed hydrological response. We test this hypothesis for a large flood (T > 100 years) in a large watershed in northern England. We undertake a sensitivity analysis of the effects of changing subwatershed hydrological response using a hydraulic model. Delaying upstream tributary peak flow timing to make them asynchronous from downstream subwatersheds reduced flood magnitude. However, significant hydrograph adjustment in any one subwatershed was needed for meaningful reductions in stage downstream, although smaller adjustments in multiple tributaries resulted in comparable impacts. For larger hydrograph adjustments, the effect of changing the timing of two tributaries together was lower than the effect of changing each one separately. For smaller adjustments synergy between two subwatersheds meant the effect of changing them together could be greater than the sum of the parts. Thus, this work shows that while the effects of modifying biophysical catchment properties diminishes with scale due to dilution effects, their impact on relative timing of tributaries may, if applied in the right locations, be an important element of flood management..” Recommended citation: Pattison I., Lane S. N., Hardy R., Reaney S. M., "The role of tributary relative timing and sequencing in controlling large floods." WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 2014. 50 (7) 5444-5458. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014067 A geospatial framework to support integrated biogeochemical modelling in the United Kingdom Published in ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE, 2015 “Anthropogenic impacts on the aquatic environment, especially in the context of nutrients, provide a major challenge for water resource management. The heterogeneous nature of policy relevant management units (e.g. catchments), in terms of environmental controls on nutrient source and transport, leads to the need for holistic management. However, current strategies are limited by current understanding and knowledge that is transferable between spatial scales and landscape typologies. This study presents a spatially-explicit framework to support the modelling of nutrients from land to water, encompassing environmental and spatial complexities. The framework recognises nine homogeneous landscape units, distinct in terms of sensitivity of nutrient losses to waterbodies. The functionality of the framework is demonstrated by supporting an exemplar nutrient model, applied within the Environmental Virtual Observatory pilot (EVOp) cloud cyber-infrastructure. We demonstrate scope for the use of the framework as a management decision support tool and for further development of integrated biogeochemical modelling. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Recommended citation: Greene S., Johnes P., Bloomfield J., Reaney S., Lawley R., Elkhatib Y., Freer J., Odoni N., Macleod C., Percy B.: 2015: A geospatial framework to support integrated biogeochemical modelling in the United Kingdom." Environmental Modelling & Software, 68, 219-232 Dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to fluvial networks draining grassland dominated headwater catchments Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2015 “Recent advances in monitoring technology have enabled high frequency, in-situ measurements of total phosphorus and total reactive phosphorus to be undertaken with high precision, whilst turbidity can provide an excellent surrogate for suspended sediment. Despite these measurements being fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and flow paths that deliver these constituents to river networks, there is a paucity of such data for headwater agricultural catchments. The aim of this paper is to deduce the dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to an upland river network in the UK through characterisation of the temporal variability of hydrological fluxes, and associated soluble and particulate concentrations for the period spanning March 2012-February 2013. An assessment of the factors producing constituent hysteresis is undertaken following factor analysis (FA) on a suite of measured environmental variables representing the fluvial and wider catchment conditions prior to, and during catchment-wide hydrological events. Analysis indicates that suspended sediment is delivered to the fluvial system predominantly via rapidly responding pathways driven by event hydrology. However, evidence of complex, figure-of-eight hysteresis is observed following periods of hydrological quiescence, highlighting the importance of preparatory processes. Sediment delivery via a slow moving, probably sub-surface pathway does occur, albeit infrequently and during low magnitude events at the catchment outlet. Phosphorus is revealed to have a distinct hysteretic response to that of suspended sediment, with sub-surface pathways dominating. However, high magnitude events were observed to exhibit threshold-like behaviour, whereby activation and connection of usually disconnected depositional zones to the fluvial networks results in the movement of vast phosphorus fluxes. Multiple pathways are observed for particulate and soluble constituents, highlighting the challenges faced in mitigating the delivery of contaminant fluxes to headwater river systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: M. Perks, G. Owen, C. Benskin, J. Jonczyk, C. Deasy, S. Burke, S. Reaney, P. Haygarth, "Dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to fluvial networks draining grassland dominated headwater catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2015. Changing climate and nutrient transfers: Evidence from high temporal resolution concentration-flow dynamics in headwater catchments Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016 “We hypothesise that climate change, together with intensive agricultural systems, will increase the transfer of pollutants from land to water and impact on stream health. This study builds, for the first time, an integrated assessment of nutrient transfers, bringing together a) high-frequency data from the outlets of two surface water dominated, headwater (similar to 10 km(2)) agricultural catchments, b) event-by-event analysis of nutrient transfers, c) concentration duration curves for comparison with EU Water Framework Directive water quality targets, d) event analysis of location-specific, sub-daily rainfall projections (UKCP, 2009), and e) a linear model relating storm rainfall to phosphorus load. These components, in combination, bring innovation and new insight into the estimation of future phosphorus transfers, which was not available from individual components. The data demonstrated two features of particular concern for climate change impacts. Firstly, the bulk of the suspended sediment and total phosphorus (TP) load (greater than 90% and 80% respectively) was transferred during the highest discharge events. The linear model of rainfall-driven TP transfers estimated that, with the projected increase in winter rainfall (+ 8% to + 17% in the catchments by 2050s), annual event loads might increase by around 9% on average, if agricultural practices remain unchanged. Secondly, events following dry periods of several weeks, particularly in summer, were responsible for high concentrations of phosphorus, but relatively low loads. The high concentrations, associated with low flow, could become more frequent or last longer in the future, with a corresponding increase in the length of time that threshold concentrations (e.g. for water quality status) are exceeded. The results suggest that in order to build resilience in stream health and help mitigate potential increases in diffuse agricultural water pollution due to climate change, land management practices should target controllable risk factors, such as soil nutrient status, soil condition and crop cover. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: M. Ockenden, C. Deasy, C. Benskin, K. Beven, S. Burke, A. Collins, R. Evans, P. Falloon, K. Forber, K. Hiscock, M. Hollaway, R. Kahana, C. Macleod, S. Reaney, M. Snell, M. Villamizar, C. Wearing, P. Withers, J. Zhou, P. Haygarth, "Changing climate and nutrient transfers: Evidence from high temporal resolution concentration-flow dynamics in headwater catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016. Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016 “The application of models to predict concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in environmental systems plays an important role for guiding decision-making associated with the management of microbial water quality. In recent years there has been an increasing demand by policy-makers for models to help inform FIO dynamics in order to prioritise efforts for environmental and human-health protection. However, given the limited evidence-base on which FIO models are built relative to other agricultural pollutants (e.g. nutrients) it is imperative that the end-user expectations of FIO models are appropriately managed. In response, this commentary highlights four over-arching questions associated with: (i) model purpose; (ii) modelling approach; (iii) data availability; and (iv) model application, that must be considered as part of good practice prior to the deployment of any modelling approach to predict FIO behaviour in catchment systems. A series of short and longer-term research priorities are proposed in response to these questions in order to promote better model deployment in the field of catchment microbial dynamics. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” Recommended citation: David Oliver, Kenneth Porter, Yakov Pachepsky, Richard Muirhead, Sim Reaney, Rory Coffey, David Kay, David Milledge, Eunmi Hong, Steven Anthony, Trevor Page, Jack Bloodworth, Per-Erik Mellander, Patrice Carbonneau, Scott McGrane, Richard Quilliam, "Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2016. Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments: The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2017 “Microbial pollution of surface waters in agricultural catchments can be a consequence of poor farm management practices, such as excessive stocking of livestock on vulnerable land or inappropriate handling of manures and slurries. Catchment interventions such as fencing of watercourses, streamside buffer strips and constructed wetlands have the potential to reduce faecal pollution of watercourses. However these interventions are expensive and occupy valuable productive land. There is, therefore, a requirement for tools to assist in the spatial targeting of such interventions to areas where they will have the biggest impact on water quality improvements whist occupying the minimal amount of productive land. SCIMAP is a risk-based model that has been developed for this purpose but with a focus on diffuse sediment and nutrient pollution. In this study we investigated the performance of SCIMAP in predicting microbial pollution of watercourses and assessed modelled outputs of E. coli, a common faecal indicator organism (FIO), against observed water quality information. SCIMAP was applied to two river catchments in the UK. SCIMAP uses land cover riskweightings, which are routed through the landscape based on hydrological connectivity to generate catchment scale maps of relative in-stream pollution risk. Assessment of the model's performance and derivation of optimum land cover risk weightings was achieved using a Monte-Carlo sampling approach. Performance of the SCIMAP framework for informing on FIO risk was variable with better performance in the Yealm catchment (r(s) = 0.88; p < 0.01) than the Wyre (r(s) = -0.36; p > 0.05). Across both catchments much uncertainty was associated with the application of optimum risk weightings attributed to different land use classes. Overall, SCIMAP showed potential as a useful tool in the spatial targeting of FIO diffuse pollution management strategies; however, improvements are required to transition the existing SCIMAP framework to a robust FIO risk-mapping tool. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” Recommended citation: Porter K., Reaney S. M., Quilliam R., Burgess C., Oliver D.: 2017: "Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments: The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, Volume 609, 31 December 2017, Pages 456-465 Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management Published in JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 2017 “Under the EU Water Framework Directive, suspended sediment is omitted from environmental quality standards and compliance targets. This omission is partly explained by difficulties in assessing the complex dose-response of ecological communities. But equally, it is hindered by a lack of spatially distributed estimates of suspended sediment variability across catchments. In this paper, we demonstrate the inability of traditional, discrete sampling campaigns for assessing exposure to fine sediment. Sampling frequencies based on Environmental Quality Standard protocols, whilst reflecting typical manual sampling constraints, are unable to determine the magnitude of sediment exposure with an acceptable level of precision. Deviations from actual concentrations range between -35 and +20% based on the interquartile range of simulations. As an alternative, we assess the value of low-cost,, suspended sediment sampling networks for quantifying suspended sediment transfer (SST). In this study of the 362 km(2) upland Esk catchment we observe that spatial patterns of sediment flux are consistent over the two year monitoring period across a network of 17 monitoring sites. This enables the key contributing sub-catchments of Butter Beck (SST: 1141 t km(2) yr(-1)) and Glaisdale Beck (SST: 841 t km(2) yr(-1)) to be identified. The time -integrated samplers offer a feasible alternative to traditional infrequent and discrete sampling approaches for assessing spatio-temporal changes in contamination. In conjunction with a spatially distributed diffuse pollution model (SCIMAP), time-integrated sediment sampling is an effective means of identifying critical sediment source areas in the catchment, which can better inform sediment management strategies for pollution prevention and control. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Recommended citation: M. Perks, J. Warburton, L. Bracken, S. Reaney, S. Emery, S. Hirst, "Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 2017. A catchment-scale model to predict spatial and temporal burden of E. coli on pasture from grazing livestock Published in SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2018 “Effective management of diffuse microbial water pollution from agriculture requires a fundamental understanding of how spatial patterns of microbial pollutants, e.g. E. coli, vary over time at the landscape scale. The aim of this study was to apply the Visualising Pathogen & Environmental Risk (ViPER) model, developed to predict E. coli burden on agricultural land, in a spatially distributed manner to two contrasting catchments in order to map and understand changes in E. coli burden contributed to land from grazing livestock. The model was applied to the River Ayr and Lunan Water catchments, with significant correlations observed between area of improved grassland and the maximum total E. coli per 1 km(2) grid cell (Ayr: r = 0.57; p < 0.001, Lunan: r = 0.32; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the predicted maximum E. coli burden between seasons in both catchments, with summer and autumn predicted to accrue higher E. coli contributions relative to spring and winter (P < 0.001), driven largely by livestock presence. The ViPER model thus describes, at the landscape scale, spatial nuances in the vulnerability of E. coli loading to land as driven by stocking density and livestock grazing regimes. Resulting risk maps therefore provide the underpinning evidence to inform spatially-targeted decision-making with respect to managing sources of E. coli in agricultural environments. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V..” Recommended citation: David Oliver, Phil Bartie, A. Heathwaite, Sim Reaney, Jared Parnell, Richard Quilliam, "A catchment-scale model to predict spatial and temporal burden of E. coli on pasture from grazing livestock." SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2018. The Role of Attenuation and Land Management in Small Catchments to Remove Sediment and Phosphorus: A Modelling Study of Mitigation Options and Impacts Published in WATER, 2018 “It is well known that soil, hillslopes, and watercourses in small catchments possess a degree of natural attenuation that affects both the shape of the outlet hydrograph and the transport of nutrients and sediments. The widespread adoption of Natural Based Solutions (NBS) practices in the headwaters of these catchments is expected to add additional attenuation primarily through increasing the amount of new storage available to accommodate flood flows. The actual type of NBS features used to add storage could include swales, ditches, and small ponds (acting as sediment traps). Here, recent data collected from monitored features (from the Demonstration Test Catchments project in the Newby Beck catchment (Eden) in northwest England) were used to provide first estimates of the percentages of the suspended sediment (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) loads that could be trapped by additional features. The Catchment Runoff Attenuation Flux Tool (CRAFT) was then used to model this catchment (Newby Beck) to investigate whether adding additional attenuation, along with the ability to trap and retain SS (and attached P), will have any effect on the flood peak and associated peak concentrations of SS and TP. The modelling tested the hypothesis that increasing the amount of new storage (thus adding attenuation capacity) in the catchment will have a beneficial effect. The model results implied that a small decrease of the order of 5-10% in the peak concentrations of SS and TP was observable after adding 2000 m(3) to 8000 m(3) of additional storage to the catchment..” Recommended citation: Russell Adams, Paul Quinn, Nick Barber, Sim Reaney, "The Role of Attenuation and Land Management in Small Catchments to Remove Sediment and Phosphorus: A Modelling Study of Mitigation Options and Impacts." WATER, 2018. High resolution characterisation of E. coli proliferation profiles in livestock faeces Published in WASTE MANAGEMENT, 2019 “Agricultural intensification can lead to high volumes of livestock faeces being applied to land, either as solid or liquid manures or via direct defecation, and can result in reservoirs of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) persisting within farmland. Understanding the survival of FIOs, e.g. E. coli, in agricultural environments, and in particular within different livestock faeces, is key to developing catchment management practices for the protection of ecosystem services provided by clean water. Frequently, controlled laboratory studies, under constant temperature regimes, are used to determine the impact of environmental factors on E. coli persistence in livestock faeces; however, such studies oversimplify the diurnal variations and interactions of real world conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of E. coli using a controlled environment facility, which simulated diurnal variation of temperatures typically experienced during a British spring and summer. The approach provided a comparison of E. coli persistence profiles within faeces of sheep, beef cattle and dairy cattle to allow novel interpretations of E. coli regrowth patterns in contrasting livestock faeces in the period immediately post-defecation. Thus, the coupling of a tightly controlled environment facility with high resolution monitoring enabled the development of a new non-linear, asymptotic description of E. coli proliferation in livestock faeces, with increased potential for E. coli growth observed during warmer temperatures for all livestock types. While this study focused on temperatures typical of the UK, the occurrence of a phase of E. coli regrowth has implications for microbial water quality management worldwide. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Recommended citation: Kenneth Porter, Richard Quilliam, Sim Reaney, David Oliver, "High resolution characterisation of E. coli proliferation profiles in livestock faeces." WASTE MANAGEMENT, 2019. Strong and recurring seasonality revealed within stream diatom assemblages Published in SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 2019 “Improving stream water quality in agricultural landscapes is an ecological priority and a legislative duty for many governments. Ecosystem health can be effectively characterised by organisms sensitive to water quality changes such as diatoms, single-celled algae that are a ubiquitous component of stream benthos. Diatoms respond within daily timescales to variables including light, temperature, nutrient availability and flow conditions that result from weather and land use characteristics. However, little consideration has been given to the ecological dynamics of diatoms through repeated seasonal cycles when assessing trajectories of stream function, even in catchments actively managed to reduce human pressures. Here, six years of monthly diatom samples from three independent streams, each receiving differing levels of diffuse agricultural pollution, reveal robust and repeated seasonal variation. Predicted seasonal changes in climate-related variables and anticipated ecological impacts must be fully captured in future ecological and water quality assessments, if the apparent resistance of stream ecosystems to pollution mitigation measures is to be better understood.” Recommended citation: M. Snell, P. Barker, B. Surridge, C. Benskin, N. Barber, S. Reaney, W. Tych, D. Mindham, A. Large, S. Burke, P. Haygarth 2019: "Strong and recurring seasonality revealed within stream diatom assemblages." SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 9, 3313 . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37831-w . Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain Published in Hydrology and Earth System Science, 2019 “Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide model selection and future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of several lumped hydrological models across Great Britain by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1000 catchments in England, Wales and Scotland. Model performance was then evaluated using standard performance metrics for daily flows and novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. Recommended citation: Rosanna A. Lane, Gemma Coxon, Jim E. Freer, Thorsten Wagener, Penny J. Johnes, John P. Bloomfield, Sheila Greene, Christopher J. A. Macleod & Sim M. Reaney 2019: Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain. Hydrology and Earth System Science. 23:4011-4032. Identifying critical source areas using multiple methods for effective diffuse pollution mitigation Published in Journal of Environmental Management, 2019 “Diffuse pollution from agriculture constitutes a key pressure on the water quality of freshwaters and is frequently the cause of ecological degradation. The problem of diffuse pollution can be conceptualised with a source-mobilisation-pathway (or delivery)-impact model, whereby the combination of high source risk and strong connected pathways leads to ‘critical source areas’ (CSAs). These areas are where most diffuse pollution will originate, and hence are the optimal places to implement mitigation measures. However, identifying the locations of these areas is a key problem across different spatial scales within catchments. A number of approaches are frequently used for this assessment, although comparisons of these assessments are rarely carried out. We evaluate the CSAs identified via traditional walkover surveys supported by three different approaches, highlighting their benefits and disadvantages. These include a custom designed smartphone app; a desktop geographic information system (GIS) and terrain analysis-based SCIMAP (Sensitive Catchment Integrated Modelling and Analysis Platform) approach; and the use of a high spatial resolution drone dataset as an improved input data for SCIMAP modelling. Each of these methods captures the locations of the CSAs, revealing similarities and differences in the prioritisation of CSA features. The differences are due to the temporal and spatial resolution of the three methods such as the use of static land cover information, the ability to capture small scale features, such as gateways and the incomplete catchment coverage of the walkover survey. The relative costs and output resolutions of the three methods indicate that they are suitable for application at different catchment scales in conjunction with other methods. Based on the results in this paper, it is recommended that a multi-evidence-based approach to diffuse pollution management is taken across catchment spatial scales, incorporating local knowledge from the walkover with the different data resolutions of the SCIMAP approach.” Recommended citation: Reaney, S.M., Mackay, E.B., Haygarth, P.M., Fisher, M., Molineux, A., Potts, M. & Benskin, C. McW.H. Identifying critical source areas using multiple methods for effective diffuse pollution mitigation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019;250:109366 A new framework for integrated, holistic, and transparent evaluation of inter-basin water transfer schemes Published in Science of The Total Environment, 2020 “Water shortages are forecast to affect 50% of the world’s population by 2030, impacting developing nations most acutely. To increase water security there has been a significant increase in Inter-basin Water Transfer (IBWT) schemes, engineering mega-projects that redistribute water from one basin to another. However, the implementation of these schemes is often contested, and evaluation of their complex impacts inadequate, or hidden from full public scrutiny. There is an urgent need to develop more integrated, holistic, and transparent ways of evaluating the multiple interlinking impacts of IBWT schemes of this scale. In this paper, we address this gap by outlining an experimental methodology to evaluate IBWT schemes using a multidisciplinary and transparent methodology which utilises publicly available data. We illustrate the method using a case study from the Inter-Linking Rivers Project in Northern India, comparing the results of the experimental approach against the official analysis of the proposed scheme produced by the State Government of Jharkhand. The results demonstrate that the proposed experimental method allows more detailed evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in water availability and demand, as well as holistic evaluation of the functioning of the proposed scheme under different future scenarios. Based on these results we propose a flexible framework for future evaluation of proposed water transfer schemes which embeds the principles of integrated assessment, transparency, and sound science which can be adapted to other IBWT projects across the world.” Recommended citation: Sinha P., Rollason E., Bracken L. J., Wainwright J., Reaney S. M., 2020: "A new framework for integrated, holistic, and transparent evaluation of inter-basin water transfer schemes." Science of The Total Environment, Volume 721, 15 June 2020, 137646. Transmission loss estimation for ephemeral sand rivers in Southern Africa Published in Journal of Hydrology, 2021 Ephemeral sand rivers represent an important water resource in Southern Africa. These rivers only flow for a few days in a year. However, much of this water infiltrates the underlying river bed sediments where it is protected from evaporation and utilized by farmers throughout the dry season. Despite their importance, little is known about how much recoverable water is annually stored within the sand. A particular difficulty concerns obtaining reliable estimates of transmission losses (the amount of water that infiltrates the river bed). The objective of this article was to develop an improved methodology for quantifying transmission loss from ephemeral sand rivers by calibrating a lumped rainfall-runoff model to observed river flow data. Fifteen years of daily river flow data were obtained from four sand rivers in Botswana, namely, Shahshe, Ntshe, Tati and Metsimotlhabe. These data were supplemented with meteorological data from AgMERRA (Ruane et al., 2015) and precipitation data from CHIRPS (Funk et al., 2015). Our simplified rainfall runoff model had four unknown parameters including a river bed infiltration factor, a surface storage capacity, a river bed storage capacity and an average river channel width. Posteriori parameter distributions were derived using a GLUE (Beven and Binley, 1992) methodology. Our study confirms that upper and lower bounds for transmission loss can be obtained by calibrating a lumped rainfall runoff model to a single set of river flow gauging data. Transmission loss was found to represent between 55% and 85% of the total surface runoff at these locations. Recommended citation: Mathias S. A., Reaney S. M. and Kenabatho P. K. 2021: "Transmission loss estimation for ephemeral sand rivers in Southern Africa." Journal of Hydrology, Volume 600, September 2021, 126487. Catchment Models and Management Tools for Diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DiffuseTools Project Published in Irish EPA Technical Reports, 2021 Agricultural pollution continues to be a major cause of eutrophication of waterbodies and water quality degradation in Ireland and internationally, with the success of mitigation measures hampered by the diffusivity of pollution sources and pathways. Ireland must meet international water quality obligations set by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the aim of achieving “good ecological and chemical status” in all and high status in some High Status Objective (HSO) waterbodies by 2027. For surface waters, S.I. 272 sets out the required standards. Good ecological status is assessed using environmental quality standards, including an annual mean unfiltered reactive phosphorus (P) concentration not exceeding 0.035mgl –1 in Irish rivers. The WFD includes provisions from the Nitrates Directive that aimed to protect waterbodies from agricultural nitrogen and P pollution by implementing a Nitrates Action Programme and S.I. 605, Good Agricultural Practice for Protection of Waters Regulations. The most recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality assessment over the period 2013–2018 found that 52.8% of surface waterbodies assessed are of good or high ecological status (a decline of 2.6% compared with 2010–2015), with the remaining (47.2%) being of moderate, poor or bad ecological status. This has given rise to concerns that the current mitigation measures, which in the past have been heavily source focused, do not go far enough, and has led to renewed interest in the development of decision support tools (DSTs) for P loss management. These can spatially map P, sediment and pesticide losses from agricultural land to waterbodies at high resolution and are needed by farmers, catchment managers, policymakers and water agencies to improve cost-effective targeting of pollution mitigation measures. The University College Dublin (UCD)-led DiffuseTools project has developed such modelling tools suitable for implementation nationally to estimate P and sediment losses from diffuse sources and their delivery points to surface waters using the latest data, science and geographical information systems (GISs). Recommended citation: Thomas I., Bruen M., Mockler E., Werner C., Mellander P., Reaney S., Rymszewicz A., McGrath G., Eder E., Wade A., Collins A. and Arheimer B. 2021: "Catchment Models and Management Tools for Diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DiffuseTools Project" *Irish EPA Research Report no. 396*. ISBN: 978-1-84095-011-8 Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments Published in Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022 A wide range of nature-based solutions for flood hazard management work by storing and slowing flow within catchments, and therefore, there is a need to identify the optimal locations for implementing these solutions. This paper presents a relative scoring-based mapping of the likely locations that contribute to the flood peak. Targeting flow reduction and attenuating mitigation actions in these locations can be an effective way to reduce flood damages at impact points downstream. The presented tool, SCIMAP-Flood, uses information on land cover, hydrological connectivity, flood generating rainfall patterns and hydrological travel time distributions to impacted communities to find the potential source areas of flood waters. The importance of each location in the catchment is weighted based on its contribution to the flood hazard at each of the downstream impact points. In the example application, SCIMAP-Flood is applied at a 5-m grid resolution for the River Eden catchment, Cumbria, England, to provide sub-field scale information at the landscape extent. Therefore, the tool can identify sub-catchments where more detailed work can test different mitigation measures. Recommended citation: Reaney, Sim M. (2022) Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments. Journal of Flood Risk Management Volume 15, Issue 3 e12803 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12803 Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK Published in Water, 2022 Climate change has seen increased pressures put on the existing ageing flood mitigation infrastructure. As a result, over recent decades there has been a shift from traditional hard-engineered approaches to flooding to more sustainable methods that utilise nature-based processes in order to slow flow, store water and increase infiltration. Doing so has resulted in a range of different nomenclature for such techniques, particularly in the rural environment. This paper takes a critical review of such terms to draw parallels in the different approaches, with the aim of developing a more unified, consistent approach to flood management. Furthermore, links have been drawn with the urban environment, where Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are used as a sustainable approach to urban flooding. The findings from this review have identified a series of issues that result from the current UK approach of differentiating between urban and rural flood risk, with funding often given for Natural Flood Management (NFM) projects separately to SuDS, with little integrated thinking from source to sea. Hence, the review suggests: A greater consideration of scale, focusing on the catchment as a whole, is required to ensure a more holistic approach to flood management, under the phrase “sustainable catchment-wide flood management”, to ensure that the focus shifts from NFM (rural) and SuDS (urban), to a more integrated catchment-wide approach; The development of robust policy and regulatory framework, to ensure that such an approach is more widely adopted; A greater consideration of the long-term costs is also required, with future research needed on the long-term maintenance costs of different methods; The development of modelling approaches that can simulate flow at a range of spatial and temporal scales, to support stakeholders, such as local authorities, flood risk engineers and government agencies when considering flow not only in rural areas, but also to understand the impact beyond the immediate area around the scheme. Recommended citation: Lashford, C.; Lavers, T.; Reaney, S.; Charlesworth, S.; Burgess-Gamble, L.; Dale, J. 2022: Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK. _Water_, 14, 1204. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081204 Identification of floodwater source areas in Nepal using SCIMAP-Flood Published in Journal of Flood Risk Management, 2022 Practical approaches for managing flooding from fluvial sources are moving away from mitigation solely at the point of impact and towards integrated catchment management. This considers the source areas, flow pathways of floodwaters and the locations and exposure to the risk of communities. For a field site in southern Nepal, we analyse catchment response to a range of simulated rainfall events, which when evaluated collectively can help guide potential flood management solutions. This is achieved through the adoption of SCIMAP-Flood, a decision support framework that works at the catchment-scale to identify critical source areas for floodwaters. The SCIMAP-Flood Fitted inverse modelling approach has been applied to the East Rapti catchment, Nepal. For multiple flood impact locations throughout the catchment, SCIMAP-Flood effectively identifies locations where flood management measures would have the most positive effects on risk reduction. The results show that the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in areas of irrigated and rainfed agriculture and the prevention of deforestation or removal of shrubland would be the most effective approaches. If these actions were in the upper catchment above Hetauda or upstream of Manahari they would have the most effective reduction in the flood peak. Recommended citation: Pearson C. J., Reaney S. M.,Perks M. T.,Hortobagyi B., Rosser N. J. and Large A. R. G. 2022: Identification of floodwater source areas in Nepal using SCIMAP-Flood, Journal of Flood Risk Management https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12840 Impact of land cover, rainfall and topography on flood risk in West Java Published in Natural Hazards, 2023 Flooding represents around 32% of total disasters in Indonesia and disproportionately affects the poorest of communities. The objective of this study was to determine significant statistical differences, in terms of river catchment characteristics, between regions in West Java that reported suffering from flood disasters and those that did not. Catchment characteristics considered included various statistical measures of topography, land-use, soil-type, meteorology and river flow rates. West Java comprises 154 level 9 HydroSHEDS sub-basin regions. We split these regions into those where flood disasters were reported and those where they were not, for the period of 2009 to 2013. Rainfall statistics were derived using the CHIRPS gridded precipitation data package. Statistical estimates of river flow rates, applicable to ungauged catchments, were derived from regionalisation relation- ships obtained by stepwise linear regression with river flow data from 70 West Javanese gauging stations. We used Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests to identify catchment characteristics that exhibit significant statistical differences between the two sets of regions. Median annual maximum river flow rate (AMRFR) was found to be positively correlated with plantation cover. Reducing plantation land cover from 20 to 10% was found to lead to a modelled 38% reduction in median AMRFR. AMRFR with return periods greater than 10 years were found to be negatively correlated with wetland farming land cover, suggesting that rice paddies play an important role in attenuating extreme river flow events. Nevertheless, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests revealed that built land cover is the most important factor defining whether or not an area is likely to report flood disasters in West Java. This is presumably because the more built land cover, the more people available to experience and report flood disasters. Our findings also suggest that more research is needed to understand the important role of plantation cover in aggravating median annual maximum river flow rates and wetland farming cover in mitigating extreme river flow events. Recommended citation: Rahayu R., Mathias, S. A., Reaney S., Vesuviano G., Suwarman R., Ramdhan A. M. (2023) Impact of land cover, rainfall and topography on flood risk in West Java. Natural Hazards 116, 1735–1758 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05737-6 Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management Published in Remote Sensing, 2025 Space is one of the UK’s fastest-growing industry sectors of the last decade. Recognising this, in 2021 the UK Government’s first National Space Strategy established a new vision to make the nation one of the most innovative and attractive worldwide space economies. As part of the strategic funding programme, in 2023, the UK Space Agency (UKSA) funded a scoping study to assess the potential of satellite data to address issues that the three North East England Local Resilience Forums face at all stages of implementing the UK’s Integrated Emergency Management Framework (IEMF). Through dedicated workshops convened by two North East England universities, regional stakeholders from the emergency domain and related industries identified three case studies ripe for applying satellite data in support of multi-agency IEMF activities. Master’s students in the UK’s Centre for Doctoral Training in Geospatial Systems then undertook a month-long integrated group project to assess the potential for satellite imagery to be applied in the identified application areas. The research reported in this paper demonstrates how satellite imagery may be adopted to help address challenges posed during power outages, for mitigating illegal waste site fires, and during periods of snow and extreme cold. While the maturity levels of satellite applications vary in the three case studies due to data availability and image resolution, all three cases demonstrate that space data, particularly when augmented with additional geospatial information, help to enhance IEMF analysis. It is anticipated that the findings from the study will help stakeholders involved in IEMF management appreciate the added value of integrating satellite data into their current processes and analyses. By empowering key stakeholders to use satellite applications more effectively, it is predicted that better decisions will be achieved, thereby improving emergency risk management. A prototype dashboard, an output of the research to demonstrate the potential of space data for emergency management. Recommended citation: Wolf, K., Mills, J. P., Cormier, L., Dunn, R., Fairless, O., Falaye, A., Gordon, S., Jayamanne, O., Morris-Wiltshire, C., Myall, E., Salgado-Castillo, F., Shukla, Y., Taylor, L., Robson, E., Donoghue, D., Dawson, R. J., Lewis, E., Reaney, S. M., Scott, E., Freedman J., Marshall S., Walker P., Hinds, H. (2025). Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management. Remote Sensing, 17(9), 1545. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091545 Rainfall–runoff modelling in a tropical climate (Citarum basin, West Java, Indonesia): model and climate data intercomparison Published in Hydrology Research, 2025 Hydrological research in tropical regions has been limited by a lack of high-quality precipitation and evapotranspiration input data, and high-quality observed runoff calibration data. Hence, most hydrological models have been developed for non-tropical regions and calibrated on non-tropical climatic data. To address these challenges, we assessed the performance of 24 rainfall–runoff models in combination with seven precipitation and three evapotranspiration datasets (504 combinations), in three catchments in the Citarum basin, Indonesia, to identify which models and input datasets were best suited to modelling daily mean flow in a volcanic region and tropical climate, and to assess the parameter sensitivity of the most suitable models. We found that model performance was most strongly affected by the choice of input precipitation data and that the most suitable option was different for each of the three study catchments, varying over tens of kilometres. Hydrological model structure played a less significant role, and models developed explicitly for volcanic or tropical regions did not show a clear advantage over those designed for other regions or climates. However, models with two separate, parallel, fast and slow routing pathways had higher predictive skill than those with just one pathway in representing the year-round range of flow behaviours. Recommended citation: Vesuviano G., Mathias S. A., Rahayu R., Reaney S. M.; Rainfall–runoff modelling in a tropical climate (Citarum basin, West Java, Indonesia): model and climate data intercomparison. Hydrology Research 2025; nh2025021. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2025.021 A Systematic Review of Monitoring Approaches to Assess Hydrological Conditions in Small Catchments With Natural Flood Management Published in Journal of Flood Risk Management , 2025 Natural Flood Management (NFM) has gained prominence as a sustainable approach to flood risk reduction, particularly in small catchments where traditional grey infrastructure is less viable. However, understanding the effectiveness of NFM is closely tied to the quantity and quality of hydrological monitoring. In small catchments, this monitoring remains inconsistent, whereas high-quality, high-frequency networks maximise the likelihood of detecting NFM effects. This is the first systematic review to analyse current approaches to streamflow and rainfall monitoring used to assess NFM performance in small catchments (defined as < 25 km2), consolidating data from 33 studies (65 catchments) into a practitioner-oriented decision matrix that links site conditions, cost and certainty to method selection. The reviewed dataset consolidates example NFM interventions and associated monitoring approaches, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each method in a single, accessible resource. The review also highlights gaps, including limited baseline data, short monitoring durations, and infrequent reporting of costs and methods. A decision matrix is presented to support practitioners in selecting streamflow monitoring methods based on site conditions and resources for small catchments. Recommendations to improve standardisation, reporting, and the adoption of low-cost, scalable techniques, including community-led and non-contact approaches (remote sensing and drone imagery) are also given. Recommended citation: Jones, A. D., J. L. A. Knapp, S. M. Reaney, and I. Pattison. 2025. “ A Systematic Review of Monitoring Approaches to Assess Hydrological Conditions in Small Catchments With Natural Flood Management.” Journal of Flood Risk Management 18, no. 4: e70152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.70152. Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification in Central Himalayan river systems Published in Scientific Reports, 2025 The Central Himalayan floodplain is one of the most flood-affected regions of the world, but we have limited knowledge of climate-change impacts on fluvial floods. Here, we provide the first large-ensemble, regional climate-change impact assessment of design floods for the Karnali River in Nepal and China, based on high-resolution modelling, considering climatic, hydrological and statistical uncertainties, needed for building local mitigation strategies. Our simulations project increases in the 1% annual exceedance probability flood magnitude of + 40% (P10/90: 33/48%) (medium-emissions) and + 79% (P10/90: 54/82%) (high-emissions) for 2060–2099, with rainfall-runoff contributing ≥ 90% of the additional flood water. We show that the uncertainty in the projections is linked to the relative differences between the magnitudes of the largest and more common events and argue that it is important to include both atmospheric only general circulation models and earth system Models in ensembles to capture the range of event and model uncertainty. Recommended citation: Pink, I., Reaney, S.M., Hardy, R.J. et al. Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification in Central Himalayan river systems. Sci Rep 15, 42277 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-26815-2 Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream Published in Water Resources Research, 2026 Channel realignment and floodplain reconnection are increasingly used as nature-based solutions for flood management, yet their hydraulic effects remain poorly quantified in field settings of moderate-gradient, small order channels. This study examines the impact of such interventions on hydraulic response in a headwater catchment, Goldrill Beck, Cumbria, UK. Here, 1-km of a historically engineered and confined single-thread channel was restored to a more geomorphically complex configuration. Using a combination of hydrological observational data spanning pre- and post-realignment conditions and two-dimensional hydraulic modeling (LISFLOOD-FP), changes in key hydraulic metrics (flood wave transmission and celerity, reach-scale hysteresis, and peak flow attenuation) were assessed. Results indicate that realignment increased flood wave travel time (median transmission time increased from 15 to 40 min), reduced flow celerity, and altered hysteresis patterns, suggesting enhanced in-channel and floodplain storage under low to intermediate flow conditions. Realignment also improved the diversity of hydraulic biotopes and aquatic habitats, whilst increasing the wetted area by 47%. However, during more extreme events, transmission times decreased, and peak discharge was slightly elevated, highlighting limitations in attenuation potential for large floods. The findings contribute to the evidence base for renaturalization of watercourses for flood mitigation and habitat enhancement, emphasizing the role of valley morphometry, channel morphology, and floodplain roughness in influencing hydraulic responses. Recommended citation: Perks, M. T., Barber, N., Heritage, G. L., Knaggs, J., Reaney, S. M., Runeckles, H., et al. (2026). Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream. Water Resources Research, 62, e2025WR041858. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041858 talks Spatially based management of agricultural phosphorus pollution from diffuse sources: the SCIMAP risk based approach Published: December 01, 2007 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, L. {Heathwaite}, S. {Lane}, C. {Buckley}, "Spatially based management of agricultural phosphorus pollution from diffuse sources: the SCIMAP risk based approach." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007. The Control of Salmonid Populations by Hydrological Connectivity: an Analysis at the Local, Reach and Watershed scales Published: December 01, 2007 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Lane}, T. {Burt}, L. {Dugdale}, J. {Dixon}, A. {Heathwaite}, A. {Maltby}, S. {Reaney}, "The Control of Salmonid Populations by Hydrological Connectivity: an Analysis at the Local, Reach and Watershed scales." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2007. Estimation of climate change impacts on river flow and catchment hydrological connectivity incorporating uncertainty from multiple climate models, stochastic downscaling and hydrological model parameterisation error sources Published: December 01, 2008 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, H. {Fowler}, "Estimation of climate change impacts on river flow and catchment hydrological connectivity incorporating uncertainty from multiple climate models, stochastic downscaling and hydrological model parameterisation error sources." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2008. From scaling up to scaling down land management impacts on downstream flood risk Published: April 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: I. {Pattison}, S. {Lane}, R. {Hardy}, S. {Reaney}, "From scaling up to scaling down land management impacts on downstream flood risk." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009. Importance of sub-catchments peak flow relative timing on downstream flood risk Published: April 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: I. {Pattison}, S. {Lane}, R. {Hardy}, S. {Reaney}, "Importance of sub-catchments peak flow relative timing on downstream flood risk." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009. Long term changes in flood risk in the Eden Catchment, Cumbria: Links to changes in Weather Types and Land Use Published: April 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: I. {Pattison}, S. {Lane}, R. {Hardy}, S. {Reaney}, "Long term changes in flood risk in the Eden Catchment, Cumbria: Links to changes in Weather Types and Land Use." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2009. Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment Published: June 20, 2009 Reaney, S., Kirkby M. and Bull L. 2001 Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment COST 623 Strasbourg Sept 2001 Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England Published: June 20, 2009 Lane S N, Reaney S M and Du Y 2006: Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England; British Hydrological Society 9th National Hydrology Symposium, Durham University, September 2006. SCIMAP: Modelling Diffuse Pollution in Large River Basins Published: December 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: D. {Milledge}, L. {Heathwaite}, S. {Lane}, S. {Reaney}, "SCIMAP: Modelling Diffuse Pollution in Large River Basins." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009. Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Connectivity Under Possible Future Climates - Impacts on River Flow Dynamics and Non-Point Source Pollution Published: December 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, S. {Lane}, L. {Heathwaite}, "Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Connectivity Under Possible Future Climates - Impacts on River Flow Dynamics and Non-Point Source Pollution." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009. Spatial and Temporal Influences on Hydrologic Connectivity: A Mathematical Formalization Published: December 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Leibowitz}, J. {McDonnell}, T. {Sayama}, L. {Hopp}, S. {Reaney}, "Spatial and Temporal Influences on Hydrologic Connectivity: A Mathematical Formalization." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009. Towards minimum information requirements for representing hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale (Invited) Published: December 01, 2009 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Lane}, S. {Reaney}, L. {Heathwaite}, D. {Milledge}, "Towards minimum information requirements for representing hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale (Invited)." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2009. Determining which land management practices reduce catchment scale flood risk and where to implement them for optimum effect Published: May 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Ian {Pattison}, Stuart {Lane}, Richard {Hardy}, Sim {Reaney}, "Determining which land management practices reduce catchment scale flood risk and where to implement them for optimum effect." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2010. Downscaling catchment scale flood risk to contributing sub-catchments to determine the optimum location for flood management. Published: May 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Ian {Pattison}, Stuart {Lane}, Richard {Hardy}, Sim {Reaney}, "Downscaling catchment scale flood risk to contributing sub-catchments to determine the optimum location for flood management.." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2010. Mapping heat wave risk in the UK: Proactive planning for the 2050s Published: May 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Katie {Oven}, Sim {Reaney}, Ralf {Ohlem{\"u}ller}, Sarah {Nodwell}, Sarah {Curtis}, Myl{\`e}ne {Riva}, Christine {Dunn}, Dimitri {Val}, Roland {Burkhard}, "Mapping heat wave risk in the UK: Proactive planning for the 2050s." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2010. A pilot Virtual Observatory (pVO) for integrated catchment science - Demonstration of national scale modelling of hydrology and biogeochemistry (Invited) Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: J. {Freer}, J. {Bloomfield}, P. {Johnes}, C. {MacLeod}, S. {Reaney}, "A pilot Virtual Observatory (pVO) for integrated catchment science - Demonstration of national scale modelling of hydrology and biogeochemistry (Invited)." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. Death and landscape dynamics: The effect of tree throw on sediment transport and landscape evolution Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: G. {Hancock}, K. {Evans}, J. {McDonnell}, L. {Hopp}, S. {Reaney}, "Death and landscape dynamics: The effect of tree throw on sediment transport and landscape evolution." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. Inverse modelling of diffuse pollution risks in agricultural catchments Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: D. Milledge, S. Lane, L. Heathwaite, S. Reaney, "Inverse modelling of diffuse pollution risks in agricultural catchments." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. Optimal sampling of soil depth variability for the prediction of hydrological response Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, L. {Hopp}, "Optimal sampling of soil depth variability for the prediction of hydrological response." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. Science in the clouds: UAVs and cloud computing methods for spatial diffuse pollution risk assessment (Invited) Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, "Science in the clouds: UAVs and cloud computing methods for spatial diffuse pollution risk assessment (Invited)." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. The Demonstration Test Catchment Approach to Land and Water Management in the river Eden Watershed, UK. (Invited) Published: December 01, 2010 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: J. {Jonczyk}, P. {Quinn}, P. {Haygarth}, S. {Reaney}, M. {Wilkinson}, S. {Burke}, D. {McGonigle}, B. {Harris}, "The Demonstration Test Catchment Approach to Land and Water Management in the river Eden Watershed, UK. (Invited)." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2010. How to make a connection across the landscape: interactions between topography, weather and hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale. Published: July 01, 2011 Hydrological connectivity describes the ease with which water can move across the landscape and is a central factor in determining catchment hydrological and water quality behaviour. The strength of the connectivity is determined by the interactions between the driving rain storm events and the physical structure of the landscape. Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, L. {Bracken} and C. {Williams}, "A framework to understand spatial and temporal connectivity dynamics at hill slope and catchment scales.." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2011. Using distributed, landscape based, ecosystem services to mitigate flood risk within the River Eden catchment: The ALFA approach Published: September 15, 2011 Sim Reaney1, Ian Pattison2 , Katie Smith1, Stuart Lane3, Rich Hardy1, Dave Milledge1 and Lucy Dugdale4 Recommended citation: S.M. REANEY1, D.G. MILLEDGE1, S.N. LANE2, A.L. HEATHWAITE3, M. SHORE4, A. MELLAND4 & P JORDAN4 2011: , Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland.." Catchment Science, 2011. Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland Published: September 15, 2011 S.M. REANEY1, D.G. MILLEDGE1, S.N. LANE2, A.L. HEATHWAITE3, M. SHORE4, A. MELLAND4 & P JORDAN4 Recommended citation: S.M. REANEY 1, D.G. MILLEDGE 1, S.N. LANE 2, A.L. HEATHWAITE 3, M. SHORE 4, A. MELLAND 4 & P JORDAN 4 2011: , Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland.." Catchment Science, 2011. A framework to understand spatial and temporal connectivity dynamics at hill slope and catchment scales. Published: December 01, 2011 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, L. {Bracken}, S. {Lane}, D. {Milledge}, C. {Williams}, "A framework to understand spatial and temporal connectivity dynamics at hill slope and catchment scales.." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2011. Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland Published: December 01, 2011 Many approaches to understanding diffuse pollution risk at the landscape scale have focused on its ‘sources’ and ‘mobilisation’ with a basic representation of the effect of connectivity between the landscape the receiving waters. Connectivity will determine whether source areas become critical source areas and create problems in the receiving waters. It is the landscape position of a source, both in terms of its upslope contributing area and its downslope flow path, that determine the likelihood of a connection being made. The SCIMAP approach, developed at Durham and Lancaster Universities with the Environment Agency, has taken a strongly connectivity driven approach, set within a risk based framework. SCIMAP aims to predict the location in the catchment that is most likely to be the source of an in stream water quality problem derived from diffuse pollution. The predictions are generated at a 5m-pixel level, to give within field estimates of risk and connectivity, and applied to whole landscapes (from 1 to 2000 km2 +) to give a broad overview of the issues. Recent work has shown that there is significant value in adding a detailed connectivity treatment when predicting measured patterns of water quality. The SCIMAP approach to diffuse pollution risk mapping has been applied by: the Environment Agency under the Catchment Sensitive Farming program; the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ program; the Defra funded ‘River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment’; and various river and wildlife trusts in the UK. This poster shows an overview of the SCIMAP approach and the results from both the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ and the EdenDTC projects. Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, D. {Milledge}, S. {Lane}, L. {Heathwaite}, M. {Shore}, A. {Melland}, P. {Jordan}, "Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2011. A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments Published: April 01, 2012 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: D. {Milledge}, S. {Lane}, A. {Heathwaite}, S. {Reaney}, "A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012. The River Edendtc Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment Published: April 01, 2012 title: “The River EdenDTC Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment”collection: talkspermalink: /talks/2012-04-01-The-River-EdenDTC-Project-A-National-Demonstration-Test-Catchmentdate: 2012-04-01venue: ‘In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts’citation: ‘C. Benskin, B. Surridge, C. Deasy, C. Woods, D. Rimmer, E. Lees, G. Owens, J. Jonczyk, J. Quinton, M. Wilkinson, “The River EdenDTC Project: A National Demonstration Test Catchment.” In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012.’location: “Vienna, Austria”type: “Talk” Cloud-enabled Web Applications for Environmental Modelling Published: December 01, 2012 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: C. {Vitolo}, W. {Buytaert}, Y. {El-khatib}, A. {Gemmell}, S. {Reaney}, K. {Beven}, "Cloud-enabled Web Applications for Environmental Modelling." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012. Hydrological models as web services: Experiences from the Environmental Virtual Observatory project Published: December 01, 2012 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: W. {Buytaert}, C. {Vitolo}, S. {Reaney}, K. {Beven}, "Hydrological models as web services: Experiences from the Environmental Virtual Observatory project." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012. Improving National Capability in Biogeochemical Flux Modelling: the UK Environmental Virtual Observatory (EVOp) Published: December 01, 2012 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: P. {Johnes}, S. {Greene}, J. {Freer}, J. {Bloomfield}, K. {Macleod}, S. {Reaney}, N. {Odoni}, "Improving National Capability in Biogeochemical Flux Modelling: the UK Environmental Virtual Observatory (EVOp)." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012. Understanding the main uncertainties in hydrological impact ensembles of Regional Climate Models predictions for large catchments in the UK Published: December 01, 2012 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: J. {Freer}, M. {Clark}, N. {Odoni}, G. {Coxon}, H. {McMillan}, M. {Souvignet}, H. {Cloke}, F. {Wetterhall}, F. {Pappenberger}, J. {Bloomfield}, "Understanding the main uncertainties in hydrological impact ensembles of Regional Climate Models predictions for large catchments in the UK." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2012. Rural Land Management: Simultaneous benefits for both floods and droughts? Published: April 01, 2013 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Ian {Pattison}, Sim {Reaney}, Stuart {Lane}, Richard {Hardy}, "Rural Land Management: Simultaneous benefits for both floods and droughts?." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2013. Mapping diffuse pollution source areas at the landscape scale: The SCIMAP approach Published: June 12, 2013 Reaney S. M., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Milledge D. G. Recommended citation: Reaney S. M., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Milledge D. G. 2013: Mapping diffuse pollution source areas at the landscape scale: The SCIMAP approach. Presented at Land User and Water Quality 2013 Physical causes of rainfall threshold and connectivity for post-fire runoff Published: August 28, 2013 Sim ReaneyDepartment of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK Recommended citation: S. {Reaney} 2013 Physical causes of rainfall threshold and connectivity for post-fire runoff. Presented at the AGU Chapman Conference on Synthesizing empirical results to improve predictions of post-wildfire runoff and erosion responses 2013 in Estes Park, Colorado, USA Overview of Hydrological Connectivity Published: September 08, 2013 Recommended citation: Overview of Hydrological Connectivity, Presented at The Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan Emergent structures and understanding from a comparative uncertainty analysis of the FUSE rainfall-runoff modelling platform for &gt;1,100 catchments Published: December 01, 2013 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: J. {Freer}, N. {Odoni}, G. {Coxon}, J. {Bloomfield}, M. {Clark}, S. {Greene}, P. {Johnes}, C. {Macleod}, S. {Reaney}, "Emergent structures and understanding from a comparative uncertainty analysis of the FUSE rainfall-runoff modelling platform for &amp;gt;1,100 catchments." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2013. High temporal resolution water chemistry information for catchment understanding and management Published: December 01, 2013 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, C. {Deasy}, M. {Ockenden}, M. {Perks}, J. {Quinton}, "High temporal resolution water chemistry information for catchment understanding and management." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2013. Understanding fine sediment and phosphorous delivery in upland catchments Published: December 01, 2013 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: M. {Perks}, S. {Reaney}, "Understanding fine sediment and phosphorous delivery in upland catchments." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2013. The Influence of temporal sampling regime on the WFD classification of catchments within the Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Project Published: May 01, 2014 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Jennine {Jonczyk}, Phil {Haygarth}, Paul {Quinn}, Sim {Reaney}, "The Influence of temporal sampling regime on the WFD classification of catchments within the Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Project." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2014. Time-integrated suspended sediment monitoring networks: Potential and implications for geomorphology Published: May 01, 2014 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Matthew {Perks}, Sim {Reaney}, "Time-integrated suspended sediment monitoring networks: Potential and implications for geomorphology." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2014. Enabling Access To Non-Point Source Risk Mapping Tools Using Open Source Software And Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Standards: The Development Of The SCIMAP Webapp Published: August 12, 2014 SIM REANEY (1) AND PETER WELLS (2)(1): Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK(2): Lutra Consulting, 23 Chestnut Close, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, RH15 8HN, UK Recommended citation: S. {Reaney} and P. {Wells}, Enabling Access To Non-Point Source Risk Mapping Tools Using Open Source Software And Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Standards: The Development Of The SCIMAP Webapp. Presented at Hydroinfomatics 2014 in New York Modelling tools for catchment science and management Published: August 15, 2014 Recommended citation: S. Reaney Modelling tools for catchment science and management. Research Seminar at Xinging University, China Designing Schemes to Mitigate Non-Point Source Water Pollution from Agriculture: The Value of High-Resolution Hydrochemical and Hydrophysical Data Published: December 01, 2014 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: N. {Barber}, S. {Reaney}, "Designing Schemes to Mitigate Non-Point Source Water Pollution from Agriculture: The Value of High-Resolution Hydrochemical and Hydrophysical Data." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2014. Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. Published: December 01, 2014 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, "Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale.." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2014. Tackling landscape scale pressures on in-stream water quality and flood risk: Predicting and simulating hydrological connectivity Published: March 02, 2015 To tackle the challenges of flood risk, poor water quality and degraded ecological health, there is a need to go beyond the management of point pressures and take a full landscape view of the problem. Central to this high level view is the concept of hydrological connectivity, which describes the ease with which water and associated materials, can move across the landscape to the rivers or lakes. Therefore, understanding connectivity and the spatial pattern of source areas is key to making predictions of the critical source areas for diffuse pollution and flood risk sources and this identification allows for the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in the landscape. Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015; Tackling landscape scale pressures on in-stream water quality and flood risk: Predicting and simulating hydrological connectivity, presented at Stirling University, Scotland Investigating the potential to reduce flood risk through catchment-based land management techniques and interventions in the River Roe catchment, Cumbria,UK Published: April 01, 2015 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Callum {Pearson}, Sim {Reaney}, Louise {Bracken}, Lucy {Butler}, "Investigating the potential to reduce flood risk through catchment-based land management techniques and interventions in the River Roe catchment, Cumbria,UK." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2015. Managing multiple diffuse pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. Published: April 01, 2015 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Hannah {Joyce}, Sim {Reaney}, "Managing multiple diffuse pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale.." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2015. The challenge of lots of data: different ways to synthesise and visualise high frequency catchment data Published: April 01, 2015 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Jennine {Jonczyk}, Nicholas {Barber}, Claire {Benskin}, Maria {Snell}, Clare {Deasy}, Sim {Reaney}, Paul {Quinn}, Gareth {Owen}, "The challenge of lots of data: different ways to synthesise and visualise high frequency catchment data." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2015. The value of oxygen-isotope data and multiple discharge records in calibrating a fully-distributed, physically-based rainfall-runoff model (CRUM3) to improve predictive capability Published: April 01, 2015 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Aaron {Neill}, Sim {Reaney}, "The value of oxygen-isotope data and multiple discharge records in calibrating a fully-distributed, physically-based rainfall-runoff model (CRUM3) to improve predictive capability." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2015. Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents Published: September 01, 2015 Natural Flood Risk Management and Working with Natural Processes. What has been done on the Eden? Published: September 15, 2015 Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015; Natural Flood Risk Management and Working with Natural Processes. What has been done on the Eden?, presented at the Eden Rivers Trust in Penrith, England. Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale Published: September 15, 2015 Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015;Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale, presented at the COST Action Connecteur Meeting in Durham, England. Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents Published: September 15, 2015 Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015; Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents, presented at the COST Action Connecteur Meeting in Durham, England. SCIMAP-Flood: A preview of the new tool for spatial targeting of natural flood risk management schemes Published: October 18, 2016 Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015; SCIMAP-Flood: A preview of the new tool for spatial targeting of natural flood risk management schemes, presented at the SCIMAP user Group Meeting 2016 in London, England. Catchment management, SuDS and NFM for flood mitigation. Tutta Beck, County Durham Published: October 20, 2016 Recommended citation: Alex Fraser and Sim M. Reaney, &2015; Catchment management, SuDS and NFM for flood mitigation. Tutta Beck, County Durham, presented at Flood Expo 2016 in London, England. A New Approach To Soil Sampling For Risk Assessment Of Nutrient Mobilisation. Published: December 01, 2016 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: J. {Jonczyk}, G. {Owen}, M. {Snell}, N. {Barber}, C. {Benskin}, S. {Reaney}, P. {Haygarth}, P. {Quinn}, P. {Barker}, A. {Aftab}, "A New Approach To Soil Sampling For Risk Assessment Of Nutrient Mobilisation.." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016. Mitigating Agricultural Diffuse Pollution: Learning from The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Experiments Published: December 01, 2016 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, P. {Barker}, P. {Haygarth}, P. {Quinn}, A. {Aftab}, N. {Barber}, S. {Burke}, W. {Cleasby}, J. {Jonczyk}, G. {Owen}, "Mitigating Agricultural Diffuse Pollution: Learning from The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Experiments." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016. Spatio-temporal dynamics in phytobenthos structural properties reveal insights into agricultural catchment dynamics and nutrient fluxes Published: December 01, 2016 Low order streams are spatially extensive, temporally dynamic, systems within the agricultural landscape. This dynamism extends to the aquatic communities within these streams, including the phytobentos, which demonstrates considerable resilience to diffuse anthropogenic nutrient pressures and changing climate dynamics. The phytobenthos community can substantially contribute to the food web, in particular diatoms, which dominate photo-autotrophic assemblages in low order streams. Diatoms are widely used in ecological monitoring because of their high sensitivity to environmental condition, but knowledge is limited on the ecological effects of winter disturbances and variance introduced by multiple and interacting pressures (N, P, sediment), introducing bias in understanding temporal dynamics in benthic diatom communities. Using the environmental time series data from long term monitoring within the River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment programme, we assess the impact of multiple hydro-chemical stressors on phytobenthic community resilience, and synthesize the impact of an extreme winter event. Monthly data from diatom communities collected in the Eden DTC from March 2011 to present show that river flow, strongly coupled to precipitation, is a key driver of these communities. Discharge has a direct effect on communities through scouring, but is also tightly correlated to nutrient delivery, such that 80% of the annual TP load arrives in 10% of the time. Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) values demonstrated considerable resilience by the stability of inter-monthly TDI scores over 5 seasonal cycles against the characterised highly variable hydrological regime. This research demonstrates that well characterised winter disturbances are critical to understanding drivers of aquatic dynamics. This has implications for catchment diffuse pollution policy, farm management and economics, given the climate projections of increases in frequency and intensity of extreme winter events, which may alter instream nutrient fluxes. Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, M. {Snell}, P. {Barker}, A. {Aftab}, N. {Barber}, C. {Benskin}, S. {Burke}, W. {Cleasby}, P. {Haygarth}, J. {Jonczyk}, "Spatio-temporal dynamics in phytobenthos structural properties reveal insights into agricultural catchment dynamics and nutrient fluxes." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016. Temporal dynamics and projected future changes in the nitrate leaching in a small river catchment dominated by under-drained clay soil grasslands: analysis of high-frequency monitoring data Published: December 01, 2016 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, V. {Suslovaite}, T. {Burt}, "Temporal dynamics and projected future changes in the nitrate leaching in a small river catchment dominated by under-drained clay soil grasslands: analysis of high-frequency monitoring data." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016. The Treatment Train approach to reducing non-point source pollution from agriculture Published: December 01, 2016 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: N. {Barber}, S. {Reaney}, P. {Barker}, C. {Benskin}, S. {Burke}, W. {Cleasby}, P. {Haygarth}, J. {Jonczyk}, G. {Owen}, M. {Snell}, "The Treatment Train approach to reducing non-point source pollution from agriculture." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2016. Catchment Models and Management Tools for diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DIFFUSE Project Published: April 01, 2017 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: Eva {Mockler}, Simeon {Reaney}, Per-Erik {Mellander}, Andrew {Wade}, Adrian {Collins}, Berit {Arheimer}, Michael {Bruen}, "Catchment Models and Management Tools for diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DIFFUSE Project." In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2017. Spatial targeting of diffuse pollution mitigation features: from landscapes to sub-catchments within the SCIMAP approach. Published: May 29, 2017 The design of diffuse pollution mitigation schemes at the landscape scale is difficult since the spatial structure of the landscape means that not all land contributes equally. The variation in sources, related to land management, soils and geology, and the pattern of hydrological connectivity mean that critical source areas are distributed across the landscape. If diffuse pollution mitigation measures can be targeted to intercept these critical source areas, they can be more effective and hence the same water quality improvement can be achieved at lower cost and with a lower impact on agricultural activities. Recommended citation: Sim M. Reaney, &2015; SSpatial targeting of diffuse pollution mitigation features: from landscapes to sub-catchments within the SCIMAP approach, presented at Land Use and Water Quality, 2017 in The Hague, Netherlands. Tacking Flood Risk from Watersheds using a Natural Flood Risk Management Toolkit Published: December 01, 2017 Use Google Scholar for full citation Recommended citation: S. {Reaney}, C. {Pearson}, N. {Barber}, A. {Fraser}, "Tacking Flood Risk from Watersheds using a Natural Flood Risk Management Toolkit." In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2017. Modelling and using structural and functional connectivity Published: March 01, 2018 The understanding of hydrological connectivity is often broken down into two distinct types: functional and structural (see Bracken et al 2013). Functional connectivity refers to the dynamic feedbacks that occur within the short timescale of storm events, such as surface flow dynamics and erosion – deposition of the soil surface. Structural connectivity refers to the controls that the fixed characteristics of the environment, for example, landscape topography and vegetation pattern, have on the strength of the connectivity over long time scales. This paper presents how both functional and structural connectivity can be modelled and examples of how the structural connectivity approach has been used as a key dataset within a spatial decision support system. Catchment scale flood management using SCIMAP-Flood: Spatial targeting of flood hazard reduction measures in the East Rapti catchment, Nepal Published: April 09, 2019 Callum Pearson, Sim M. Reaney, Nick J. Rosser, Andrew R.G. Large, Matthew T. Perks, andBorbála Hortobágyi The identification of sediment and connectivity patterns to map critical source areas across scales for effective mitigation of diffuse sediment pollution Published: April 09, 2019 Sim Reaney, Eleanor Mackay, Phil Haygarth, and Claire Benskin Use of Remote Sensing techniques and drones in mapping potential areas for managed aquifer recharge Published: July 09, 2019 This talk gave an overview of an integrated work flow to assess the performance of check dams for aquifer recharge. The approach uses 2D hydraulic modelling coupled with fine resolution topographic data captured from aerial imagery. Catchment scale flood management through spatial targeting: a case study of the East Rapti catchment, Nepal Published: December 09, 2019 Callum Pearson, Sim M Reaney, Nick J Rosser and Andy R Large The SCIMAP Toolkit: Sediment, Nutrients and FIOs Published: July 21, 2020 Managing Floods (and other) Risks Published: October 13, 2020 Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments Published: April 17, 2024 Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) Climate storminess as a driver of surface processes and a limiting factor for topographic responses to rock uplift Published: April 17, 2024 Rebekah Harries (1), Sim Reaney (1), Germán Aguilar (2), and Linda Kirstein (3) The effect of land surface characteristics on runoff generation and nitrate fluxes from a Kenyan tea plantation Published: April 17, 2024 Aaron Neill (1), Suzanne Jacobs (2), Lutz Breuer (3), and Sim Reaney (4)1 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom (aaron.james.neill@gmail.com)2 Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.3 Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.4 Department of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. Opportunity mapping for nature-based solutions for flood hazard reduction and water quality improvements with the SCIMAP toolkit Published: April 17, 2024 Sim ReaneyDepartment of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments Published: May 02, 2024 Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) How ‘Leaky’ Should a Leaky Dam Be? Published: April 02, 2025 A. D. Jones (Durham University), J. L. A. Knapp (Durham University), S. M. Reaney (Durham University), I. Pattison (Heriot Watt) Identifying the source of anthropic pressures on in-stream benthic algae communities within the River Eden catchment, UK Published: April 29, 2025 Sim Reaney 1,2, Maria Snell 3, and Philip Barker 31 Durham University, Department of Geography, Durham, UK (sim.reaney@durham.ac.uk)2 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK3 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification of Central Himalayan Rivers Published: April 29, 2025 Ivo Pink, Sim Reaney, Isabella Bovolo, and Richard HardyDurham University, Department of Geography, Durham, United Kingdom (ivopink2@gmail.com) How “leaky” should a leaky dam be? Insights from physical modelling at a white-water rafting course Published: April 30, 2025 Anthony Jones 1, Julia Knapp 1, Sim Reaney 2, and Ian Pattison 31 Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom (anthony.d.jones@durham.ac.uk)2 Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom3 School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream Published: May 07, 2026 Matthew Perks, Nick Barber, George Heritage, Jess Knaggs, Sim Reaney, Hannah Runeckles, Neil Williams, Duncan Wishart, and Rebecca Powell Water Quality Responses to Floods and Droughts in the Context of Climate and Land Use Change Published: May 07, 2026 Ivo Pink, Sim M. Reaney, Martha L. Villamizar Velez, Alistair Boxall, and Aaron Neill Using Space-Time Image Velocimetry to assess characteristics of flow through full-scale leaky dams for flood hazard reduction Published: May 07, 2026 Anthony Jones, Julia Knapp, and Sim Reaney Catchment-Scale Changes in Runoff Dynamics Following Natural Flood Management Interventions Published: May 08, 2026 Julia L. A. Knapp, Anthony Jones, Sim M. Reaney, Ian Pattison, and Andrew Black Die Identifizierung von Hochwasserherkunftsgebieten anhand des Konnektivitätsmodels SCIMAP-Flood am Beispiel der Urft. Published: July 03, 2026 Dr. I. Pink and Prof. S.M.Reaney Future Flood Hazards in Nepal: Projecting Magnitude Changes and Targeting Nature-based Mitigation. Published: August 05, 2026 Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Callum Pearson Impacts of Climate and Land-use Change on Water Quality, Floods, and Droughts for Catchments in Northern England Published: August 05, 2026 Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Aaron Neill teaching BSc Teaching experience Undergraduate course, Durham University, Department of Geography, 2019 I teach hydrology across the different levels within the BSc Geography in the department of Geography at Durham University. This teaching covers field based measurement, theory of hydrological processes and simulation modelling of catchments and flood inundation. CPD Teaching experience CPD courses, Durham University, Department of Geography, 2019 I teach two CPD courses, one on catchment hydrological modelling and one on fine scale topographic mapping with drones. MSc Teaching experience Postgraduate course, Durham University, Department of Geography, 2019 I teach hydrological hazards on the MSc Risk in the department of Geography at Durham University. --- ### Posts by Tags **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/tags/ {% include base_path %}{% include group-by-array collection=site.posts field="tags" %}{% for tag in group_names %} {% assign posts = group_items[forloop.index0] %} {{ tag }} {% for post in posts %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}{% endfor %} --- ### Publications **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publications/ {% if site.author.googlescholar %} You can also find my articles on my Google Scholar profile.{% endif %}{% include base_path %}{% if site.publication_category %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% assign title_shown = false %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% if post.category != category[0] %} {% continue %} {% endif %} {% unless title_shown %} {{ category[1].title }} {% assign title_shown = true %} {% endunless %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% assign post_categorized = false %} {% for category in site.publication_category %} {% if post.category == category[0] %} {% assign post_categorized = true %} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% unless post_categorized %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %} {% endfor %}{% else %} {% for post in site.publications reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endfor %}{% endif %} --- ### Researching Flood Hazards and Diffuse Pollution **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/ I am a Professor in the Department of Geography at Durham University, UK. As a catchment hydrologist, I work across flood hazards and diffuse pollution in temperate, tropical and mountain environments. My research integrates analysis and simulation modelling with novel field measurements to enable new insights into catchment hydrological functioning and new approaches to managing the environment. Most recently, new field data has included working collaboratively to build the most detailed water quality time series from a grassland agricultural system, a new hydro-meteorological monitoring network and extensive mapping of flood impacts and river form using photogrammetry. This information is used to address scientific questions of: How do the landscape and weather affect diffuse pollution of sediment and nutrients? How does the spatial and temporal structure of rainfall affect flood hazard generation? How can floods and diffuse pollution be reduced by working at the landscape scale with nature-based solutions and natural flood risk management? How does hydrological connectivity affect flood generation and diffuse pollution at the landscape scale?I am working in Nepal on modelling how flood hazards may change under projected climate change and how the results can link to innovative insurance products. Within the UK, I am working on how the SCIMAP toolset can be expanded to consider flood hazards as well as sediments, nutrients and microbial pollution and on the ECOMIX project that is investigating the impact of pollutants on in stream ecology. On this project, I lead the work on the potential impacts of climate and land use change on the river flows and nutrients export. I often co-development research questions and approaches with stakeholders, including Defra, the Environment Agency and River Trusts in the UK. I have developed tools and software that is routinely used for catchment management. The primary tool is the SCIMAP diffuse pollution risk mapping approach that is widely used in the UK and overseas. I have written the CRUM3 fully distributed catchment hydrological model, which is used to assess water resources and natural flood risk management in a series of projects. I have contributed to the ManyFEWS flood forecasting systemI have previously worked in on flood hazards in Java, Indonesia, in collaboration with the Bandung Institute of Technology with the focus of developing an effective hyper-local flood early warning system. I have also worked in Botswana on water resources. --- ### Sitemap **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/sitemap/ {% include base_path %}A list of all the posts and pages found on the site. For you robots out there is an [XML version]({{ base_path }}/sitemap.xml) available for digesting as well.Pages{% for post in site.pages %} {% include archive-single.html %}{% endfor %}Posts{% for post in site.posts %} {% include archive-single.html %}{% endfor %}{% capture written_label %}'None'{% endcapture %}{% for collection in site.collections %}{% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == "posts" %} {% capture label %}{{ collection.label }}{% endcapture %} {% if label != written_label %} {{ label }} {% capture written_label %}{{ label }}{% endcapture %} {% endif %}{% endunless %}{% for post in collection.docs %} {% unless collection.output == false or collection.label == "posts" %} {% include archive-single.html %} {% endunless %}{% endfor %}{% endfor %} --- ### Talk map **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talkmap.html --- ### Talks and presentations **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/ {% if site.talkmap_link == true %}See a map of all the places I've given a talk.{% endif %}{% for post in site.talks reversed %} {% include archive-single-talk.html %}{% endfor %} --- ### Teaching **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/teaching/ {% include base_path %}{% for post in site.teaching reversed %} {% include archive-single.html %}{% endfor %} --- ### Terms and Privacy Policy **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/terms/ {% include base_path %}{% include toc %}## Privacy PolicyThe privacy of my visitors is extremely important. 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Publications ### Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream **Venue:** Water Resources Research **Date:** 2026-02-28 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2026-04-28-patterdale Channel realignment and floodplain reconnection are increasingly used as nature-based solutions for flood management, yet their hydraulic effects remain poorly quantified in field settings of moderate-gradient, small order channels. This study examines the impact of such interventions on hydraulic response in a headwater catchment, Goldrill Beck, Cumbria, UK. Here, 1-km of a historically engineered and confined single-thread channel was restored to a more geomorphically complex configuration. Using a combination of hydrological observational data spanning pre- and post-realignment conditions and two-dimensional hydraulic modeling (LISFLOOD-FP), changes in key hydraulic metrics (flood wave transmission and celerity, reach-scale hysteresis, and peak flow attenuation) were assessed. Results indicate that realignment increased flood wave travel time (median transmission time increased from 15 to 40 min), reduced flow celerity, and altered hysteresis patterns, suggesting enhanced in-channel and floodplain storage under low to intermediate flow conditions. Realignment also improved the diversity of hydraulic biotopes and aquatic habitats, whilst increasing the wetted area by 47%. However, during more extreme events, transmission times decreased, and peak discharge was slightly elevated, highlighting limitations in attenuation potential for large floods. The findings contribute to the evidence base for renaturalization of watercourses for flood mitigation and habitat enhancement, emphasizing the role of valley morphometry, channel morphology, and floodplain roughness in influencing hydraulic responses. Channel realignment and floodplain reconnection are increasingly used as nature-based solutions for flood management, yet their hydraulic effects remain poorly quantified in field settings of moderate-gradient, small order channels. This study examines the impact of such interventions on hydraulic response in a headwater catchment, Goldrill Beck, Cumbria, UK. Here, 1-km of a historically engineered and confined single-thread channel was restored to a more geomorphically complex configuration. Using a combination of hydrological observational data spanning pre- and post-realignment conditions and two-dimensional hydraulic modeling (LISFLOOD-FP), changes in key hydraulic metrics (flood wave transmission and celerity, reach-scale hysteresis, and peak flow attenuation) were assessed. Results indicate that realignment increased flood wave travel time (median transmission time increased from 15 to 40 min), reduced flow celerity, and altered hysteresis patterns, suggesting enhanced in-channel and floodplain storage under low to intermediate flow conditions. Realignment also improved the diversity of hydraulic biotopes and aquatic habitats, whilst increasing the wetted area by 47%. However, during more extreme events, transmission times decreased, and peak discharge was slightly elevated, highlighting limitations in attenuation potential for large floods. The findings contribute to the evidence base for renaturalization of watercourses for flood mitigation and habitat enhancement, emphasizing the role of valley morphometry, channel morphology, and floodplain roughness in influencing hydraulic responses. [Full Text](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025WR041858} --- ### Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification in Central Himalayan river systems **Venue:** Scientific Reports **Date:** 2025-12-08 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2025-12-08-Himalayan-Floods The Central Himalayan floodplain is one of the most flood-affected regions of the world, but we have limited knowledge of climate-change impacts on fluvial floods. Here, we provide the first large-ensemble, regional climate-change impact assessment of design floods for the Karnali River in Nepal and China, based on high-resolution modelling, considering climatic, hydrological and statistical uncertainties, needed for building local mitigation strategies. Our simulations project increases in the 1% annual exceedance probability flood magnitude of + 40% (P10/90: 33/48%) (medium-emissions) and + 79% (P10/90: 54/82%) (high-emissions) for 2060–2099, with rainfall-runoff contributing ≥ 90% of the additional flood water. We show that the uncertainty in the projections is linked to the relative differences between the magnitudes of the largest and more common events and argue that it is important to include both atmospheric only general circulation models and earth system Models in ensembles to capture the range of event and model uncertainty. The Central Himalayan floodplain is one of the most flood-affected regions of the world, but we have limited knowledge of climate-change impacts on fluvial floods. Here, we provide the first large-ensemble, regional climate-change impact assessment of design floods for the Karnali River in Nepal and China, based on high-resolution modelling, considering climatic, hydrological and statistical uncertainties, needed for building local mitigation strategies. Our simulations project increases in the 1% annual exceedance probability flood magnitude of + 40% (P10/90: 33/48%) (medium-emissions) and + 79% (P10/90: 54/82%) (high-emissions) for 2060–2099, with rainfall-runoff contributing ≥ 90% of the additional flood water. We show that the uncertainty in the projections is linked to the relative differences between the magnitudes of the largest and more common events and argue that it is important to include both atmospheric only general circulation models and earth system Models in ensembles to capture the range of event and model uncertainty. Full Text --- ### A Systematic Review of Monitoring Approaches to Assess Hydrological Conditions in Small Catchments With Natural Flood Management **Venue:** Journal of Flood Risk Management **Date:** 2025-11-02 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2025-11-02-NFM-Review Natural Flood Management (NFM) has gained prominence as a sustainable approach to flood risk reduction, particularly in small catchments where traditional grey infrastructure is less viable. However, understanding the effectiveness of NFM is closely tied to the quantity and quality of hydrological monitoring. In small catchments, this monitoring remains inconsistent, whereas high-quality, high-frequency networks maximise the likelihood of detecting NFM effects. This is the first systematic review to analyse current approaches to streamflow and rainfall monitoring used to assess NFM performance in small catchments (defined as < 25 km2), consolidating data from 33 studies (65 catchments) into a practitioner-oriented decision matrix that links site conditions, cost and certainty to method selection. The reviewed dataset consolidates example NFM interventions and associated monitoring approaches, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each method in a single, accessible resource. The review also highlights gaps, including limited baseline data, short monitoring durations, and infrequent reporting of costs and methods. A decision matrix is presented to support practitioners in selecting streamflow monitoring methods based on site conditions and resources for small catchments. Recommendations to improve standardisation, reporting, and the adoption of low-cost, scalable techniques, including community-led and non-contact approaches (remote sensing and drone imagery) are also given. Natural Flood Management (NFM) has gained prominence as a sustainable approach to flood risk reduction, particularly in small catchments where traditional grey infrastructure is less viable. However, understanding the effectiveness of NFM is closely tied to the quantity and quality of hydrological monitoring. In small catchments, this monitoring remains inconsistent, whereas high-quality, high-frequency networks maximise the likelihood of detecting NFM effects. This is the first systematic review to analyse current approaches to streamflow and rainfall monitoring used to assess NFM performance in small catchments (defined as < 25 km2), consolidating data from 33 studies (65 catchments) into a practitioner-oriented decision matrix that links site conditions, cost and certainty to method selection. The reviewed dataset consolidates example NFM interventions and associated monitoring approaches, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each method in a single, accessible resource. The review also highlights gaps, including limited baseline data, short monitoring durations, and infrequent reporting of costs and methods. A decision matrix is presented to support practitioners in selecting streamflow monitoring methods based on site conditions and resources for small catchments. Recommendations to improve standardisation, reporting, and the adoption of low-cost, scalable techniques, including community-led and non-contact approaches (remote sensing and drone imagery) are also given. Full Text --- ### Rainfall–runoff modelling in a tropical climate (Citarum basin, West Java, Indonesia): model and climate data intercomparison **Venue:** Hydrology Research **Date:** 2025-05-28 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2025-05-28-Rainfall–runoffModellingJava Hydrological research in tropical regions has been limited by a lack of high-quality precipitation and evapotranspiration input data, and high-quality observed runoff calibration data. Hence, most hydrological models have been developed for non-tropical regions and calibrated on non-tropical climatic data. To address these challenges, we assessed the performance of 24 rainfall–runoff models in combination with seven precipitation and three evapotranspiration datasets (504 combinations), in three catchments in the Citarum basin, Indonesia, to identify which models and input datasets were best suited to modelling daily mean flow in a volcanic region and tropical climate, and to assess the parameter sensitivity of the most suitable models. We found that model performance was most strongly affected by the choice of input precipitation data and that the most suitable option was different for each of the three study catchments, varying over tens of kilometres. Hydrological model structure played a less significant role, and models developed explicitly for volcanic or tropical regions did not show a clear advantage over those designed for other regions or climates. However, models with two separate, parallel, fast and slow routing pathways had higher predictive skill than those with just one pathway in representing the year-round range of flow behaviours. Hydrological research in tropical regions has been limited by a lack of high-quality precipitation and evapotranspiration input data, and high-quality observed runoff calibration data. Hence, most hydrological models have been developed for non-tropical regions and calibrated on non-tropical climatic data. To address these challenges, we assessed the performance of 24 rainfall–runoff models in combination with seven precipitation and three evapotranspiration datasets (504 combinations), in three catchments in the Citarum basin, Indonesia, to identify which models and input datasets were best suited to modelling daily mean flow in a volcanic region and tropical climate, and to assess the parameter sensitivity of the most suitable models. We found that model performance was most strongly affected by the choice of input precipitation data and that the most suitable option was different for each of the three study catchments, varying over tens of kilometres. Hydrological model structure played a less significant role, and models developed explicitly for volcanic or tropical regions did not show a clear advantage over those designed for other regions or climates. However, models with two separate, parallel, fast and slow routing pathways had higher predictive skill than those with just one pathway in representing the year-round range of flow behaviours. Full Text --- ### Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management **Venue:** Remote Sensing **Date:** 2025-04-28 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2025-04-28-RemoteSensingIntegratedEmergencyManagement Space is one of the UK’s fastest-growing industry sectors of the last decade. Recognising this, in 2021 the UK Government’s first National Space Strategy established a new vision to make the nation one of the most innovative and attractive worldwide space economies. As part of the strategic funding programme, in 2023, the UK Space Agency (UKSA) funded a scoping study to assess the potential of satellite data to address issues that the three North East England Local Resilience Forums face at all stages of implementing the UK’s Integrated Emergency Management Framework (IEMF). Through dedicated workshops convened by two North East England universities, regional stakeholders from the emergency domain and related industries identified three case studies ripe for applying satellite data in support of multi-agency IEMF activities. Master’s students in the UK’s Centre for Doctoral Training in Geospatial Systems then undertook a month-long integrated group project to assess the potential for satellite imagery to be applied in the identified application areas. The research reported in this paper demonstrates how satellite imagery may be adopted to help address challenges posed during power outages, for mitigating illegal waste site fires, and during periods of snow and extreme cold. While the maturity levels of satellite applications vary in the three case studies due to data availability and image resolution, all three cases demonstrate that space data, particularly when augmented with additional geospatial information, help to enhance IEMF analysis. It is anticipated that the findings from the study will help stakeholders involved in IEMF management appreciate the added value of integrating satellite data into their current processes and analyses. By empowering key stakeholders to use satellite applications more effectively, it is predicted that better decisions will be achieved, thereby improving emergency risk management. A prototype dashboard, an output of the research to demonstrate the potential of space data for emergency management. Space is one of the UK’s fastest-growing industry sectors of the last decade. Recognising this, in 2021 the UK Government’s first National Space Strategy established a new vision to make the nation one of the most innovative and attractive worldwide space economies. As part of the strategic funding programme, in 2023, the UK Space Agency (UKSA) funded a scoping study to assess the potential of satellite data to address issues that the three North East England Local Resilience Forums face at all stages of implementing the UK’s Integrated Emergency Management Framework (IEMF). Through dedicated workshops convened by two North East England universities, regional stakeholders from the emergency domain and related industries identified three case studies ripe for applying satellite data in support of multi-agency IEMF activities. Master’s students in the UK’s Centre for Doctoral Training in Geospatial Systems then undertook a month-long integrated group project to assess the potential for satellite imagery to be applied in the identified application areas. The research reported in this paper demonstrates how satellite imagery may be adopted to help address challenges posed during power outages, for mitigating illegal waste site fires, and during periods of snow and extreme cold. While the maturity levels of satellite applications vary in the three case studies due to data availability and image resolution, all three cases demonstrate that space data, particularly when augmented with additional geospatial information, help to enhance IEMF analysis. It is anticipated that the findings from the study will help stakeholders involved in IEMF management appreciate the added value of integrating satellite data into their current processes and analyses. By empowering key stakeholders to use satellite applications more effectively, it is predicted that better decisions will be achieved, thereby improving emergency risk management. A prototype dashboard, an output of the research to demonstrate the potential of space data for emergency management. Full Text --- ### Impact of land cover, rainfall and topography on flood risk in West Java **Venue:** Natural Hazards **Date:** 2023-01-02 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2022-11-22-Impact-of-land-cover-rainfall-and-topography-on-flood-risk-in-West-Java Flooding represents around 32% of total disasters in Indonesia and disproportionately affects the poorest of communities. The objective of this study was to determine significant statistical differences, in terms of river catchment characteristics, between regions in West Java that reported suffering from flood disasters and those that did not. Catchment characteristics considered included various statistical measures of topography, land-use, soil-type, meteorology and river flow rates. West Java comprises 154 level 9 HydroSHEDS sub-basin regions. We split these regions into those where flood disasters were reported and those where they were not, for the period of 2009 to 2013. Rainfall statistics were derived using the CHIRPS gridded precipitation data package. Statistical estimates of river flow rates, applicable to ungauged catchments, were derived from regionalisation relation- ships obtained by stepwise linear regression with river flow data from 70 West Javanese gauging stations. We used Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests to identify catchment characteristics that exhibit significant statistical differences between the two sets of regions. Median annual maximum river flow rate (AMRFR) was found to be positively correlated with plantation cover. Reducing plantation land cover from 20 to 10% was found to lead to a modelled 38% reduction in median AMRFR. AMRFR with return periods greater than 10 years were found to be negatively correlated with wetland farming land cover, suggesting that rice paddies play an important role in attenuating extreme river flow events. Nevertheless, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests revealed that built land cover is the most important factor defining whether or not an area is likely to report flood disasters in West Java. This is presumably because the more built land cover, the more people available to experience and report flood disasters. Our findings also suggest that more research is needed to understand the important role of plantation cover in aggravating median annual maximum river flow rates and wetland farming cover in mitigating extreme river flow events. Flooding represents around 32% of total disasters in Indonesia and disproportionately affects the poorest of communities. The objective of this study was to determine significant statistical differences, in terms of river catchment characteristics, between regions in West Java that reported suffering from flood disasters and those that did not. Catchment characteristics considered included various statistical measures of topography, land-use, soil-type, meteorology and river flow rates. West Java comprises 154 level 9 HydroSHEDS sub-basin regions. We split these regions into those where flood disasters were reported and those where they were not, for the period of 2009 to 2013. Rainfall statistics were derived using the CHIRPS gridded precipitation data package. Statistical estimates of river flow rates, applicable to ungauged catchments, were derived from regionalisation relation- ships obtained by stepwise linear regression with river flow data from 70 West Javanese gauging stations. We used Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests to identify catchment characteristics that exhibit significant statistical differences between the two sets of regions. Median annual maximum river flow rate (AMRFR) was found to be positively correlated with plantation cover. Reducing plantation land cover from 20 to 10% was found to lead to a modelled 38% reduction in median AMRFR. AMRFR with return periods greater than 10 years were found to be negatively correlated with wetland farming land cover, suggesting that rice paddies play an important role in attenuating extreme river flow events. Nevertheless, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests revealed that built land cover is the most important factor defining whether or not an area is likely to report flood disasters in West Java. This is presumably because the more built land cover, the more people available to experience and report flood disasters. Our findings also suggest that more research is needed to understand the important role of plantation cover in aggravating median annual maximum river flow rates and wetland farming cover in mitigating extreme river flow events. Full text --- ### Identification of floodwater source areas in Nepal using SCIMAP-Flood **Venue:** Journal of Flood Risk Management **Date:** 2022-08-11 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2022-08-11-SCIMAP-Flood-Nepal Practical approaches for managing flooding from fluvial sources are moving away from mitigation solely at the point of impact and towards integrated catchment management. This considers the source areas, flow pathways of floodwaters and the locations and exposure to the risk of communities. For a field site in southern Nepal, we analyse catchment response to a range of simulated rainfall events, which when evaluated collectively can help guide potential flood management solutions. This is achieved through the adoption of SCIMAP-Flood, a decision support framework that works at the catchment-scale to identify critical source areas for floodwaters. The SCIMAP-Flood Fitted inverse modelling approach has been applied to the East Rapti catchment, Nepal. For multiple flood impact locations throughout the catchment, SCIMAP-Flood effectively identifies locations where flood management measures would have the most positive effects on risk reduction. The results show that the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in areas of irrigated and rainfed agriculture and the prevention of deforestation or removal of shrubland would be the most effective approaches. If these actions were in the upper catchment above Hetauda or upstream of Manahari they would have the most effective reduction in the flood peak. Practical approaches for managing flooding from fluvial sources are moving away from mitigation solely at the point of impact and towards integrated catchment management. This considers the source areas, flow pathways of floodwaters and the locations and exposure to the risk of communities. For a field site in southern Nepal, we analyse catchment response to a range of simulated rainfall events, which when evaluated collectively can help guide potential flood management solutions. This is achieved through the adoption of SCIMAP-Flood, a decision support framework that works at the catchment-scale to identify critical source areas for floodwaters. The SCIMAP-Flood Fitted inverse modelling approach has been applied to the East Rapti catchment, Nepal. For multiple flood impact locations throughout the catchment, SCIMAP-Flood effectively identifies locations where flood management measures would have the most positive effects on risk reduction. The results show that the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in areas of irrigated and rainfed agriculture and the prevention of deforestation or removal of shrubland would be the most effective approaches. If these actions were in the upper catchment above Hetauda or upstream of Manahari they would have the most effective reduction in the flood peak. Full text --- ### Sustainable Catchment-Wide Flood Management: A Review of the Terminology and Application of Sustainable Catchment Flood Management Techniques in the UK **Venue:** Water **Date:** 2022-04-11 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2022-04-11-SuDS-and-NFM Climate change has seen increased pressures put on the existing ageing flood mitigation infrastructure. As a result, over recent decades there has been a shift from traditional hard-engineered approaches to flooding to more sustainable methods that utilise nature-based processes in order to slow flow, store water and increase infiltration. Doing so has resulted in a range of different nomenclature for such techniques, particularly in the rural environment. This paper takes a critical review of such terms to draw parallels in the different approaches, with the aim of developing a more unified, consistent approach to flood management. Furthermore, links have been drawn with the urban environment, where Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are used as a sustainable approach to urban flooding. The findings from this review have identified a series of issues that result from the current UK approach of differentiating between urban and rural flood risk, with funding often given for Natural Flood Management (NFM) projects separately to SuDS, with little integrated thinking from source to sea. Hence, the review suggests: A greater consideration of scale, focusing on the catchment as a whole, is required to ensure a more holistic approach to flood management, under the phrase “sustainable catchment-wide flood management”, to ensure that the focus shifts from NFM (rural) and SuDS (urban), to a more integrated catchment-wide approach; The development of robust policy and regulatory framework, to ensure that such an approach is more widely adopted; A greater consideration of the long-term costs is also required, with future research needed on the long-term maintenance costs of different methods; The development of modelling approaches that can simulate flow at a range of spatial and temporal scales, to support stakeholders, such as local authorities, flood risk engineers and government agencies when considering flow not only in rural areas, but also to understand the impact beyond the immediate area around the scheme. Climate change has seen increased pressures put on the existing ageing flood mitigation infrastructure. As a result, over recent decades there has been a shift from traditional hard-engineered approaches to flooding to more sustainable methods that utilise nature-based processes in order to slow flow, store water and increase infiltration. Doing so has resulted in a range of different nomenclature for such techniques, particularly in the rural environment. This paper takes a critical review of such terms to draw parallels in the different approaches, with the aim of developing a more unified, consistent approach to flood management. Furthermore, links have been drawn with the urban environment, where Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) are used as a sustainable approach to urban flooding. The findings from this review have identified a series of issues that result from the current UK approach of differentiating between urban and rural flood risk, with funding often given for Natural Flood Management (NFM) projects separately to SuDS, with little integrated thinking from source to sea. Hence, the review suggests: A greater consideration of scale, focusing on the catchment as a whole, is required to ensure a more holistic approach to flood management, under the phrase “sustainable catchment-wide flood management”, to ensure that the focus shifts from NFM (rural) and SuDS (urban), to a more integrated catchment-wide approach; The development of robust policy and regulatory framework, to ensure that such an approach is more widely adopted; A greater consideration of the long-term costs is also required, with future research needed on the long-term maintenance costs of different methods; The development of modelling approaches that can simulate flow at a range of spatial and temporal scales, to support stakeholders, such as local authorities, flood risk engineers and government agencies when considering flow not only in rural areas, but also to understand the impact beyond the immediate area around the scheme. Full text --- ### Spatial targeting of nature‐based solutions for flood risk management within river catchments **Venue:** Journal of Flood Risk Management **Date:** 2022-03-22 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2022-03-22-SCIMAP-Flood A wide range of nature-based solutions for flood hazard management work by storing and slowing flow within catchments, and therefore, there is a need to identify the optimal locations for implementing these solutions. This paper presents a relative scoring-based mapping of the likely locations that contribute to the flood peak. Targeting flow reduction and attenuating mitigation actions in these locations can be an effective way to reduce flood damages at impact points downstream. The presented tool, SCIMAP-Flood, uses information on land cover, hydrological connectivity, flood generating rainfall patterns and hydrological travel time distributions to impacted communities to find the potential source areas of flood waters. The importance of each location in the catchment is weighted based on its contribution to the flood hazard at each of the downstream impact points. In the example application, SCIMAP-Flood is applied at a 5-m grid resolution for the River Eden catchment, Cumbria, England, to provide sub-field scale information at the landscape extent. Therefore, the tool can identify sub-catchments where more detailed work can test different mitigation measures. A wide range of nature-based solutions for flood hazard management work by storing and slowing flow within catchments, and therefore, there is a need to identify the optimal locations for implementing these solutions. This paper presents a relative scoring-based mapping of the likely locations that contribute to the flood peak. Targeting flow reduction and attenuating mitigation actions in these locations can be an effective way to reduce flood damages at impact points downstream. The presented tool, SCIMAP-Flood, uses information on land cover, hydrological connectivity, flood generating rainfall patterns and hydrological travel time distributions to impacted communities to find the potential source areas of flood waters. The importance of each location in the catchment is weighted based on its contribution to the flood hazard at each of the downstream impact points. In the example application, SCIMAP-Flood is applied at a 5-m grid resolution for the River Eden catchment, Cumbria, England, to provide sub-field scale information at the landscape extent. Therefore, the tool can identify sub-catchments where more detailed work can test different mitigation measures. Full text --- ### Catchment Models and Management Tools for Diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DiffuseTools Project **Venue:** Irish EPA Technical Reports **Date:** 2021-11-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2021-11-01-DiffuseTools Agricultural pollution continues to be a major cause of eutrophication of waterbodies and water quality degradation in Ireland and internationally, with the success of mitigation measures hampered by the diffusivity of pollution sources and pathways. Ireland must meet international water quality obligations set by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the aim of achieving “good ecological and chemical status” in all and high status in some High Status Objective (HSO) waterbodies by 2027. For surface waters, S.I. 272 sets out the required standards. Good ecological status is assessed using environmental quality standards, including an annual mean unfiltered reactive phosphorus (P) concentration not exceeding 0.035mgl –1 in Irish rivers. The WFD includes provisions from the Nitrates Directive that aimed to protect waterbodies from agricultural nitrogen and P pollution by implementing a Nitrates Action Programme and S.I. 605, Good Agricultural Practice for Protection of Waters Regulations. The most recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality assessment over the period 2013–2018 found that 52.8% of surface waterbodies assessed are of good or high ecological status (a decline of 2.6% compared with 2010–2015), with the remaining (47.2%) being of moderate, poor or bad ecological status. This has given rise to concerns that the current mitigation measures, which in the past have been heavily source focused, do not go far enough, and has led to renewed interest in the development of decision support tools (DSTs) for P loss management. These can spatially map P, sediment and pesticide losses from agricultural land to waterbodies at high resolution and are needed by farmers, catchment managers, policymakers and water agencies to improve cost-effective targeting of pollution mitigation measures. The University College Dublin (UCD)-led DiffuseTools project has developed such modelling tools suitable for implementation nationally to estimate P and sediment losses from diffuse sources and their delivery points to surface waters using the latest data, science and geographical information systems (GISs). Agricultural pollution continues to be a major cause of eutrophication of waterbodies and water quality degradation in Ireland and internationally, with the success of mitigation measures hampered by the diffusivity of pollution sources and pathways. Ireland must meet international water quality obligations set by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the aim of achieving “good ecological and chemical status” in all and high status in some High Status Objective (HSO) waterbodies by 2027. For surface waters, S.I. 272 sets out the required standards. Good ecological status is assessed using environmental quality standards, including an annual mean unfiltered reactive phosphorus (P) concentration not exceeding 0.035mgl –1 in Irish rivers. The WFD includes provisions from the Nitrates Directive that aimed to protect waterbodies from agricultural nitrogen and P pollution by implementing a Nitrates Action Programme and S.I. 605, Good Agricultural Practice for Protection of Waters Regulations. The most recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality assessment over the period 2013–2018 found that 52.8% of surface waterbodies assessed are of good or high ecological status (a decline of 2.6% compared with 2010–2015), with the remaining (47.2%) being of moderate, poor or bad ecological status. This has given rise to concerns that the current mitigation measures, which in the past have been heavily source focused, do not go far enough, and has led to renewed interest in the development of decision support tools (DSTs) for P loss management. These can spatially map P, sediment and pesticide losses from agricultural land to waterbodies at high resolution and are needed by farmers, catchment managers, policymakers and water agencies to improve cost-effective targeting of pollution mitigation measures. The University College Dublin (UCD)-led DiffuseTools project has developed such modelling tools suitable for implementation nationally to estimate P and sediment losses from diffuse sources and their delivery points to surface waters using the latest data, science and geographical information systems (GISs). Here we develop high-resolution quantitative modelling to Support better targeting and prioritising of diffuse pollution mitigation measures and thereby increase their cost-effectiveness; Inform engineering designs (flow volumes) and interventions required to meet WFD targets; Improve functional land management and inform farm practices (e.g. where to spread excess fertiliser); and Facilitate modelling the effects of climate change. Note that this work focuses on surface runoff transport, and subsurface pathways are not considered here. Full text Video overview --- ### Transmission loss estimation for ephemeral sand rivers in Southern Africa **Venue:** Journal of Hydrology **Date:** 2021-06-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2021-06-15-BotswanaSandRivers Ephemeral sand rivers represent an important water resource in Southern Africa. These rivers only flow for a few days in a year. However, much of this water infiltrates the underlying river bed sediments where it is protected from evaporation and utilized by farmers throughout the dry season. Despite their importance, little is known about how much recoverable water is annually stored within the sand. A particular difficulty concerns obtaining reliable estimates of transmission losses (the amount of water that infiltrates the river bed). The objective of this article was to develop an improved methodology for quantifying transmission loss from ephemeral sand rivers by calibrating a lumped rainfall-runoff model to observed river flow data. Fifteen years of daily river flow data were obtained from four sand rivers in Botswana, namely, Shahshe, Ntshe, Tati and Metsimotlhabe. These data were supplemented with meteorological data from AgMERRA (Ruane et al., 2015) and precipitation data from CHIRPS (Funk et al., 2015). Our simplified rainfall runoff model had four unknown parameters including a river bed infiltration factor, a surface storage capacity, a river bed storage capacity and an average river channel width. Posteriori parameter distributions were derived using a GLUE (Beven and Binley, 1992) methodology. Our study confirms that upper and lower bounds for transmission loss can be obtained by calibrating a lumped rainfall runoff model to a single set of river flow gauging data. Transmission loss was found to represent between 55% and 85% of the total surface runoff at these locations. Ephemeral sand rivers represent an important water resource in Southern Africa. These rivers only flow for a few days in a year. However, much of this water infiltrates the underlying river bed sediments where it is protected from evaporation and utilized by farmers throughout the dry season. Despite their importance, little is known about how much recoverable water is annually stored within the sand. A particular difficulty concerns obtaining reliable estimates of transmission losses (the amount of water that infiltrates the river bed). The objective of this article was to develop an improved methodology for quantifying transmission loss from ephemeral sand rivers by calibrating a lumped rainfall-runoff model to observed river flow data. Fifteen years of daily river flow data were obtained from four sand rivers in Botswana, namely, Shahshe, Ntshe, Tati and Metsimotlhabe. These data were supplemented with meteorological data from AgMERRA (Ruane et al., 2015) and precipitation data from CHIRPS (Funk et al., 2015). Our simplified rainfall runoff model had four unknown parameters including a river bed infiltration factor, a surface storage capacity, a river bed storage capacity and an average river channel width. Posteriori parameter distributions were derived using a GLUE (Beven and Binley, 1992) methodology. Our study confirms that upper and lower bounds for transmission loss can be obtained by calibrating a lumped rainfall runoff model to a single set of river flow gauging data. Transmission loss was found to represent between 55% and 85% of the total surface runoff at these locations. Full text --- ### A new framework for integrated, holistic, and transparent evaluation of inter-basin water transfer schemes **Venue:** Science of The Total Environment **Date:** 2020-03-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2020-03-01-IBWT “Water shortages are forecast to affect 50% of the world’s population by 2030, impacting developing nations most acutely. To increase water security there has been a significant increase in Inter-basin Water Transfer (IBWT) schemes, engineering mega-projects that redistribute water from one basin to another. However, the implementation of these schemes is often contested, and evaluation of their complex impacts inadequate, or hidden from full public scrutiny. There is an urgent need to develop more integrated, holistic, and transparent ways of evaluating the multiple interlinking impacts of IBWT schemes of this scale. In this paper, we address this gap by outlining an experimental methodology to evaluate IBWT schemes using a multidisciplinary and transparent methodology which utilises publicly available data. We illustrate the method using a case study from the Inter-Linking Rivers Project in Northern India, comparing the results of the experimental approach against the official analysis of the proposed scheme produced by the State Government of Jharkhand. The results demonstrate that the proposed experimental method allows more detailed evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in water availability and demand, as well as holistic evaluation of the functioning of the proposed scheme under different future scenarios. Based on these results we propose a flexible framework for future evaluation of proposed water transfer schemes which embeds the principles of integrated assessment, transparency, and sound science which can be adapted to other IBWT projects across the world.” “Water shortages are forecast to affect 50% of the world’s population by 2030, impacting developing nations most acutely. To increase water security there has been a significant increase in Inter-basin Water Transfer (IBWT) schemes, engineering mega-projects that redistribute water from one basin to another. However, the implementation of these schemes is often contested, and evaluation of their complex impacts inadequate, or hidden from full public scrutiny. There is an urgent need to develop more integrated, holistic, and transparent ways of evaluating the multiple interlinking impacts of IBWT schemes of this scale. In this paper, we address this gap by outlining an experimental methodology to evaluate IBWT schemes using a multidisciplinary and transparent methodology which utilises publicly available data. We illustrate the method using a case study from the Inter-Linking Rivers Project in Northern India, comparing the results of the experimental approach against the official analysis of the proposed scheme produced by the State Government of Jharkhand. The results demonstrate that the proposed experimental method allows more detailed evaluation of spatial and temporal variability in water availability and demand, as well as holistic evaluation of the functioning of the proposed scheme under different future scenarios. Based on these results we propose a flexible framework for future evaluation of proposed water transfer schemes which embeds the principles of integrated assessment, transparency, and sound science which can be adapted to other IBWT projects across the world.” Full text --- ### Identifying critical source areas using multiple methods for effective diffuse pollution mitigation **Venue:** Journal of Environmental Management **Date:** 2019-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2019-01-01-phones-and-drones “Diffuse pollution from agriculture constitutes a key pressure on the water quality of freshwaters and is frequently the cause of ecological degradation. The problem of diffuse pollution can be conceptualised with a source-mobilisation-pathway (or delivery)-impact model, whereby the combination of high source risk and strong connected pathways leads to ‘critical source areas’ (CSAs). These areas are where most diffuse pollution will originate, and hence are the optimal places to implement mitigation measures. However, identifying the locations of these areas is a key problem across different spatial scales within catchments. A number of approaches are frequently used for this assessment, although comparisons of these assessments are rarely carried out. We evaluate the CSAs identified via traditional walkover surveys supported by three different approaches, highlighting their benefits and disadvantages. These include a custom designed smartphone app; a desktop geographic information system (GIS) and terrain analysis-based SCIMAP (Sensitive Catchment Integrated Modelling and Analysis Platform) approach; and the use of a high spatial resolution drone dataset as an improved input data for SCIMAP modelling. Each of these methods captures the locations of the CSAs, revealing similarities and differences in the prioritisation of CSA features. The differences are due to the temporal and spatial resolution of the three methods such as the use of static land cover information, the ability to capture small scale features, such as gateways and the incomplete catchment coverage of the walkover survey. The relative costs and output resolutions of the three methods indicate that they are suitable for application at different catchment scales in conjunction with other methods. Based on the results in this paper, it is recommended that a multi-evidence-based approach to diffuse pollution management is taken across catchment spatial scales, incorporating local knowledge from the walkover with the different data resolutions of the SCIMAP approach.” “Diffuse pollution from agriculture constitutes a key pressure on the water quality of freshwaters and is frequently the cause of ecological degradation. The problem of diffuse pollution can be conceptualised with a source-mobilisation-pathway (or delivery)-impact model, whereby the combination of high source risk and strong connected pathways leads to ‘critical source areas’ (CSAs). These areas are where most diffuse pollution will originate, and hence are the optimal places to implement mitigation measures. However, identifying the locations of these areas is a key problem across different spatial scales within catchments. A number of approaches are frequently used for this assessment, although comparisons of these assessments are rarely carried out. We evaluate the CSAs identified via traditional walkover surveys supported by three different approaches, highlighting their benefits and disadvantages. These include a custom designed smartphone app; a desktop geographic information system (GIS) and terrain analysis-based SCIMAP (Sensitive Catchment Integrated Modelling and Analysis Platform) approach; and the use of a high spatial resolution drone dataset as an improved input data for SCIMAP modelling. Each of these methods captures the locations of the CSAs, revealing similarities and differences in the prioritisation of CSA features. The differences are due to the temporal and spatial resolution of the three methods such as the use of static land cover information, the ability to capture small scale features, such as gateways and the incomplete catchment coverage of the walkover survey. The relative costs and output resolutions of the three methods indicate that they are suitable for application at different catchment scales in conjunction with other methods. Based on the results in this paper, it is recommended that a multi-evidence-based approach to diffuse pollution management is taken across catchment spatial scales, incorporating local knowledge from the walkover with the different data resolutions of the SCIMAP approach.” Full paper --- ### Benchmarking the predictive capability of hydrological models for river flow and flood peak predictions across over 1000 catchments in Great Britain **Venue:** Hydrology and Earth System Science **Date:** 2019-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2019-01-01-benchmarking-FUSE “Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide model selection and future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of several lumped hydrological models across Great Britain by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1000 catchments in England, Wales and Scotland. Model performance was then evaluated using standard performance metrics for daily flows and novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. “Benchmarking model performance across large samples of catchments is useful to guide model selection and future model development. Given uncertainties in the observational data we use to drive and evaluate hydrological models, and uncertainties in the structure and parameterisation of models we use to produce hydrological simulations and predictions, it is essential that model evaluation is undertaken within an uncertainty analysis framework. Here, we benchmark the capability of several lumped hydrological models across Great Britain by focusing on daily flow and peak flow simulation. Four hydrological model structures from the Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) were applied to over 1000 catchments in England, Wales and Scotland. Model performance was then evaluated using standard performance metrics for daily flows and novel performance metrics for peak flows considering parameter uncertainty. Our results show that lumped hydrological models were able to produce adequate simulations across most of Great Britain, with each model producing simulations exceeding a 0.5 Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency for at least 80 % of catchments. All four models showed a similar spatial pattern of performance, producing better simulations in the wetter catchments to the west and poor model performance in central Scotland and south-eastern England. Poor model performance was often linked to the catchment water balance, with models unable to capture the catchment hydrology where the water balance did not close. Overall, performance was similar between model structures, but different models performed better for different catchment characteristics and metrics, as well as for assessing daily or peak flows, leading to the ensemble of model structures outperforming any single structure, thus demonstrating the value of using multi-model structures across a large sample of different catchment behaviours. This research evaluates what conceptual lumped models can achieve as a performance benchmark and provides interesting insights into where and why these simple models may fail. The large number of river catchments included in this study makes it an appropriate benchmark for any future developments of a national model of Great Britain.” Full text --- ### Strong and recurring seasonality revealed within stream diatom assemblages **Venue:** SCIENTIFIC REPORTS **Date:** 2019-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2019-01-01-Strong-and-recurring-seasonality-revealed-within-stream-diatom-assemblages “Improving stream water quality in agricultural landscapes is an ecological priority and a legislative duty for many governments. Ecosystem health can be effectively characterised by organisms sensitive to water quality changes such as diatoms, single-celled algae that are a ubiquitous component of stream benthos. Diatoms respond within daily timescales to variables including light, temperature, nutrient availability and flow conditions that result from weather and land use characteristics. However, little consideration has been given to the ecological dynamics of diatoms through repeated seasonal cycles when assessing trajectories of stream function, even in catchments actively managed to reduce human pressures. Here, six years of monthly diatom samples from three independent streams, each receiving differing levels of diffuse agricultural pollution, reveal robust and repeated seasonal variation. Predicted seasonal changes in climate-related variables and anticipated ecological impacts must be fully captured in future ecological and water quality assessments, if the apparent resistance of stream ecosystems to pollution mitigation measures is to be better understood.” “Improving stream water quality in agricultural landscapes is an ecological priority and a legislative duty for many governments. Ecosystem health can be effectively characterised by organisms sensitive to water quality changes such as diatoms, single-celled algae that are a ubiquitous component of stream benthos. Diatoms respond within daily timescales to variables including light, temperature, nutrient availability and flow conditions that result from weather and land use characteristics. However, little consideration has been given to the ecological dynamics of diatoms through repeated seasonal cycles when assessing trajectories of stream function, even in catchments actively managed to reduce human pressures. Here, six years of monthly diatom samples from three independent streams, each receiving differing levels of diffuse agricultural pollution, reveal robust and repeated seasonal variation. Predicted seasonal changes in climate-related variables and anticipated ecological impacts must be fully captured in future ecological and water quality assessments, if the apparent resistance of stream ecosystems to pollution mitigation measures is to be better understood.” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### High resolution characterisation of E. coli proliferation profiles in livestock faeces **Venue:** WASTE MANAGEMENT **Date:** 2019-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2019-01-01-High-resolution-characterisation-of-E-coli-proliferation-profiles-in-livestock-faeces “Agricultural intensification can lead to high volumes of livestock faeces being applied to land, either as solid or liquid manures or via direct defecation, and can result in reservoirs of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) persisting within farmland. Understanding the survival of FIOs, e.g. E. coli, in agricultural environments, and in particular within different livestock faeces, is key to developing catchment management practices for the protection of ecosystem services provided by clean water. Frequently, controlled laboratory studies, under constant temperature regimes, are used to determine the impact of environmental factors on E. coli persistence in livestock faeces; however, such studies oversimplify the diurnal variations and interactions of real world conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of E. coli using a controlled environment facility, which simulated diurnal variation of temperatures typically experienced during a British spring and summer. The approach provided a comparison of E. coli persistence profiles within faeces of sheep, beef cattle and dairy cattle to allow novel interpretations of E. coli regrowth patterns in contrasting livestock faeces in the period immediately post-defecation. Thus, the coupling of a tightly controlled environment facility with high resolution monitoring enabled the development of a new non-linear, asymptotic description of E. coli proliferation in livestock faeces, with increased potential for E. coli growth observed during warmer temperatures for all livestock types. While this study focused on temperatures typical of the UK, the occurrence of a phase of E. coli regrowth has implications for microbial water quality management worldwide. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” “Agricultural intensification can lead to high volumes of livestock faeces being applied to land, either as solid or liquid manures or via direct defecation, and can result in reservoirs of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) persisting within farmland. Understanding the survival of FIOs, e.g. E. coli, in agricultural environments, and in particular within different livestock faeces, is key to developing catchment management practices for the protection of ecosystem services provided by clean water. Frequently, controlled laboratory studies, under constant temperature regimes, are used to determine the impact of environmental factors on E. coli persistence in livestock faeces; however, such studies oversimplify the diurnal variations and interactions of real world conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of E. coli using a controlled environment facility, which simulated diurnal variation of temperatures typically experienced during a British spring and summer. The approach provided a comparison of E. coli persistence profiles within faeces of sheep, beef cattle and dairy cattle to allow novel interpretations of E. coli regrowth patterns in contrasting livestock faeces in the period immediately post-defecation. Thus, the coupling of a tightly controlled environment facility with high resolution monitoring enabled the development of a new non-linear, asymptotic description of E. coli proliferation in livestock faeces, with increased potential for E. coli growth observed during warmer temperatures for all livestock types. While this study focused on temperatures typical of the UK, the occurrence of a phase of E. coli regrowth has implications for microbial water quality management worldwide. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The Role of Attenuation and Land Management in Small Catchments to Remove Sediment and Phosphorus: A Modelling Study of Mitigation Options and Impacts **Venue:** WATER **Date:** 2018-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2018-01-01-The-Role-of-Attenuation-and-Land-Management-in-Small-Catchments-to-Remove-Sediment-and-Phosphorus-A-Modelling-Study-of-Mitigation-Options-and-Impacts “It is well known that soil, hillslopes, and watercourses in small catchments possess a degree of natural attenuation that affects both the shape of the outlet hydrograph and the transport of nutrients and sediments. The widespread adoption of Natural Based Solutions (NBS) practices in the headwaters of these catchments is expected to add additional attenuation primarily through increasing the amount of new storage available to accommodate flood flows. The actual type of NBS features used to add storage could include swales, ditches, and small ponds (acting as sediment traps). Here, recent data collected from monitored features (from the Demonstration Test Catchments project in the Newby Beck catchment (Eden) in northwest England) were used to provide first estimates of the percentages of the suspended sediment (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) loads that could be trapped by additional features. The Catchment Runoff Attenuation Flux Tool (CRAFT) was then used to model this catchment (Newby Beck) to investigate whether adding additional attenuation, along with the ability to trap and retain SS (and attached P), will have any effect on the flood peak and associated peak concentrations of SS and TP. The modelling tested the hypothesis that increasing the amount of new storage (thus adding attenuation capacity) in the catchment will have a beneficial effect. The model results implied that a small decrease of the order of 5-10% in the peak concentrations of SS and TP was observable after adding 2000 m(3) to 8000 m(3) of additional storage to the catchment..” “It is well known that soil, hillslopes, and watercourses in small catchments possess a degree of natural attenuation that affects both the shape of the outlet hydrograph and the transport of nutrients and sediments. The widespread adoption of Natural Based Solutions (NBS) practices in the headwaters of these catchments is expected to add additional attenuation primarily through increasing the amount of new storage available to accommodate flood flows. The actual type of NBS features used to add storage could include swales, ditches, and small ponds (acting as sediment traps). Here, recent data collected from monitored features (from the Demonstration Test Catchments project in the Newby Beck catchment (Eden) in northwest England) were used to provide first estimates of the percentages of the suspended sediment (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) loads that could be trapped by additional features. The Catchment Runoff Attenuation Flux Tool (CRAFT) was then used to model this catchment (Newby Beck) to investigate whether adding additional attenuation, along with the ability to trap and retain SS (and attached P), will have any effect on the flood peak and associated peak concentrations of SS and TP. The modelling tested the hypothesis that increasing the amount of new storage (thus adding attenuation capacity) in the catchment will have a beneficial effect. The model results implied that a small decrease of the order of 5-10% in the peak concentrations of SS and TP was observable after adding 2000 m(3) to 8000 m(3) of additional storage to the catchment..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A catchment-scale model to predict spatial and temporal burden of E. coli on pasture from grazing livestock **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2018-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2018-01-01-A-catchment-scale-model-to-predict-spatial-and-temporal-burden-of-E-coli-on-pasture-from-grazing-livestock “Effective management of diffuse microbial water pollution from agriculture requires a fundamental understanding of how spatial patterns of microbial pollutants, e.g. E. coli, vary over time at the landscape scale. The aim of this study was to apply the Visualising Pathogen & Environmental Risk (ViPER) model, developed to predict E. coli burden on agricultural land, in a spatially distributed manner to two contrasting catchments in order to map and understand changes in E. coli burden contributed to land from grazing livestock. The model was applied to the River Ayr and Lunan Water catchments, with significant correlations observed between area of improved grassland and the maximum total E. coli per 1 km(2) grid cell (Ayr: r = 0.57; p < 0.001, Lunan: r = 0.32; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the predicted maximum E. coli burden between seasons in both catchments, with summer and autumn predicted to accrue higher E. coli contributions relative to spring and winter (P < 0.001), driven largely by livestock presence. The ViPER model thus describes, at the landscape scale, spatial nuances in the vulnerability of E. coli loading to land as driven by stocking density and livestock grazing regimes. Resulting risk maps therefore provide the underpinning evidence to inform spatially-targeted decision-making with respect to managing sources of E. coli in agricultural environments. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V..” “Effective management of diffuse microbial water pollution from agriculture requires a fundamental understanding of how spatial patterns of microbial pollutants, e.g. E. coli, vary over time at the landscape scale. The aim of this study was to apply the Visualising Pathogen & Environmental Risk (ViPER) model, developed to predict E. coli burden on agricultural land, in a spatially distributed manner to two contrasting catchments in order to map and understand changes in E. coli burden contributed to land from grazing livestock. The model was applied to the River Ayr and Lunan Water catchments, with significant correlations observed between area of improved grassland and the maximum total E. coli per 1 km(2) grid cell (Ayr: r = 0.57; p < 0.001, Lunan: r = 0.32; p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the predicted maximum E. coli burden between seasons in both catchments, with summer and autumn predicted to accrue higher E. coli contributions relative to spring and winter (P < 0.001), driven largely by livestock presence. The ViPER model thus describes, at the landscape scale, spatial nuances in the vulnerability of E. coli loading to land as driven by stocking density and livestock grazing regimes. Resulting risk maps therefore provide the underpinning evidence to inform spatially-targeted decision-making with respect to managing sources of E. coli in agricultural environments. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Use of spatially distributed time-integrated sediment sampling networks and distributed fine sediment modelling to inform catchment management **Venue:** JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT **Date:** 2017-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2017-01-01-Use-of-spatially-distributed-time-integrated-sediment-sampling-networks-and-distributed-fine-sediment-modelling-to-inform-catchment-management “Under the EU Water Framework Directive, suspended sediment is omitted from environmental quality standards and compliance targets. This omission is partly explained by difficulties in assessing the complex dose-response of ecological communities. But equally, it is hindered by a lack of spatially distributed estimates of suspended sediment variability across catchments. In this paper, we demonstrate the inability of traditional, discrete sampling campaigns for assessing exposure to fine sediment. Sampling frequencies based on Environmental Quality Standard protocols, whilst reflecting typical manual sampling constraints, are unable to determine the magnitude of sediment exposure with an acceptable level of precision. Deviations from actual concentrations range between -35 and +20% based on the interquartile range of simulations. As an alternative, we assess the value of low-cost,, suspended sediment sampling networks for quantifying suspended sediment transfer (SST). In this study of the 362 km(2) upland Esk catchment we observe that spatial patterns of sediment flux are consistent over the two year monitoring period across a network of 17 monitoring sites. This enables the key contributing sub-catchments of Butter Beck (SST: 1141 t km(2) yr(-1)) and Glaisdale Beck (SST: 841 t km(2) yr(-1)) to be identified. The time -integrated samplers offer a feasible alternative to traditional infrequent and discrete sampling approaches for assessing spatio-temporal changes in contamination. In conjunction with a spatially distributed diffuse pollution model (SCIMAP), time-integrated sediment sampling is an effective means of identifying critical sediment source areas in the catchment, which can better inform sediment management strategies for pollution prevention and control. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” “Under the EU Water Framework Directive, suspended sediment is omitted from environmental quality standards and compliance targets. This omission is partly explained by difficulties in assessing the complex dose-response of ecological communities. But equally, it is hindered by a lack of spatially distributed estimates of suspended sediment variability across catchments. In this paper, we demonstrate the inability of traditional, discrete sampling campaigns for assessing exposure to fine sediment. Sampling frequencies based on Environmental Quality Standard protocols, whilst reflecting typical manual sampling constraints, are unable to determine the magnitude of sediment exposure with an acceptable level of precision. Deviations from actual concentrations range between -35 and +20% based on the interquartile range of simulations. As an alternative, we assess the value of low-cost,, suspended sediment sampling networks for quantifying suspended sediment transfer (SST). In this study of the 362 km(2) upland Esk catchment we observe that spatial patterns of sediment flux are consistent over the two year monitoring period across a network of 17 monitoring sites. This enables the key contributing sub-catchments of Butter Beck (SST: 1141 t km(2) yr(-1)) and Glaisdale Beck (SST: 841 t km(2) yr(-1)) to be identified. The time -integrated samplers offer a feasible alternative to traditional infrequent and discrete sampling approaches for assessing spatio-temporal changes in contamination. In conjunction with a spatially distributed diffuse pollution model (SCIMAP), time-integrated sediment sampling is an effective means of identifying critical sediment source areas in the catchment, which can better inform sediment management strategies for pollution prevention and control. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments: The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2017-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2017-01-01-Predicting-diffuse-microbial-pollution-risk-across-catchments-The-performance-of-SCIMAP-and-recommendations-for-future-development “Microbial pollution of surface waters in agricultural catchments can be a consequence of poor farm management practices, such as excessive stocking of livestock on vulnerable land or inappropriate handling of manures and slurries. Catchment interventions such as fencing of watercourses, streamside buffer strips and constructed wetlands have the potential to reduce faecal pollution of watercourses. However these interventions are expensive and occupy valuable productive land. There is, therefore, a requirement for tools to assist in the spatial targeting of such interventions to areas where they will have the biggest impact on water quality improvements whist occupying the minimal amount of productive land. SCIMAP is a risk-based model that has been developed for this purpose but with a focus on diffuse sediment and nutrient pollution. In this study we investigated the performance of SCIMAP in predicting microbial pollution of watercourses and assessed modelled outputs of E. coli, a common faecal indicator organism (FIO), against observed water quality information. SCIMAP was applied to two river catchments in the UK. SCIMAP uses land cover riskweightings, which are routed through the landscape based on hydrological connectivity to generate catchment scale maps of relative in-stream pollution risk. Assessment of the model's performance and derivation of optimum land cover risk weightings was achieved using a Monte-Carlo sampling approach. Performance of the SCIMAP framework for informing on FIO risk was variable with better performance in the Yealm catchment (r(s) = 0.88; p < 0.01) than the Wyre (r(s) = -0.36; p > 0.05). Across both catchments much uncertainty was associated with the application of optimum risk weightings attributed to different land use classes. Overall, SCIMAP showed potential as a useful tool in the spatial targeting of FIO diffuse pollution management strategies; however, improvements are required to transition the existing SCIMAP framework to a robust FIO risk-mapping tool. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” “Microbial pollution of surface waters in agricultural catchments can be a consequence of poor farm management practices, such as excessive stocking of livestock on vulnerable land or inappropriate handling of manures and slurries. Catchment interventions such as fencing of watercourses, streamside buffer strips and constructed wetlands have the potential to reduce faecal pollution of watercourses. However these interventions are expensive and occupy valuable productive land. There is, therefore, a requirement for tools to assist in the spatial targeting of such interventions to areas where they will have the biggest impact on water quality improvements whist occupying the minimal amount of productive land. SCIMAP is a risk-based model that has been developed for this purpose but with a focus on diffuse sediment and nutrient pollution. In this study we investigated the performance of SCIMAP in predicting microbial pollution of watercourses and assessed modelled outputs of E. coli, a common faecal indicator organism (FIO), against observed water quality information. SCIMAP was applied to two river catchments in the UK. SCIMAP uses land cover riskweightings, which are routed through the landscape based on hydrological connectivity to generate catchment scale maps of relative in-stream pollution risk. Assessment of the model's performance and derivation of optimum land cover risk weightings was achieved using a Monte-Carlo sampling approach. Performance of the SCIMAP framework for informing on FIO risk was variable with better performance in the Yealm catchment (r(s) = 0.88; p < 0.01) than the Wyre (r(s) = -0.36; p > 0.05). Across both catchments much uncertainty was associated with the application of optimum risk weightings attributed to different land use classes. Overall, SCIMAP showed potential as a useful tool in the spatial targeting of FIO diffuse pollution management strategies; however, improvements are required to transition the existing SCIMAP framework to a robust FIO risk-mapping tool. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Predicting microbial water quality with models: Over-arching questions for managing risk in agricultural catchments **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2016-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2016-01-01-Predicting-microbial-water-quality-with-models-Over-arching-questions-for-managing-risk-in-agricultural-catchments “The application of models to predict concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in environmental systems plays an important role for guiding decision-making associated with the management of microbial water quality. In recent years there has been an increasing demand by policy-makers for models to help inform FIO dynamics in order to prioritise efforts for environmental and human-health protection. However, given the limited evidence-base on which FIO models are built relative to other agricultural pollutants (e.g. nutrients) it is imperative that the end-user expectations of FIO models are appropriately managed. In response, this commentary highlights four over-arching questions associated with: (i) model purpose; (ii) modelling approach; (iii) data availability; and (iv) model application, that must be considered as part of good practice prior to the deployment of any modelling approach to predict FIO behaviour in catchment systems. A series of short and longer-term research priorities are proposed in response to these questions in order to promote better model deployment in the field of catchment microbial dynamics. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” “The application of models to predict concentrations of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in environmental systems plays an important role for guiding decision-making associated with the management of microbial water quality. In recent years there has been an increasing demand by policy-makers for models to help inform FIO dynamics in order to prioritise efforts for environmental and human-health protection. However, given the limited evidence-base on which FIO models are built relative to other agricultural pollutants (e.g. nutrients) it is imperative that the end-user expectations of FIO models are appropriately managed. In response, this commentary highlights four over-arching questions associated with: (i) model purpose; (ii) modelling approach; (iii) data availability; and (iv) model application, that must be considered as part of good practice prior to the deployment of any modelling approach to predict FIO behaviour in catchment systems. A series of short and longer-term research priorities are proposed in response to these questions in order to promote better model deployment in the field of catchment microbial dynamics. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Changing climate and nutrient transfers: Evidence from high temporal resolution concentration-flow dynamics in headwater catchments **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2016-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2016-01-01-Changing-climate-and-nutrient-transfers-Evidence-from-high-temporal-resolution-concentration-flow-dynamics-in-headwater-catchments “We hypothesise that climate change, together with intensive agricultural systems, will increase the transfer of pollutants from land to water and impact on stream health. This study builds, for the first time, an integrated assessment of nutrient transfers, bringing together a) high-frequency data from the outlets of two surface water dominated, headwater (similar to 10 km(2)) agricultural catchments, b) event-by-event analysis of nutrient transfers, c) concentration duration curves for comparison with EU Water Framework Directive water quality targets, d) event analysis of location-specific, sub-daily rainfall projections (UKCP, 2009), and e) a linear model relating storm rainfall to phosphorus load. These components, in combination, bring innovation and new insight into the estimation of future phosphorus transfers, which was not available from individual components. The data demonstrated two features of particular concern for climate change impacts. Firstly, the bulk of the suspended sediment and total phosphorus (TP) load (greater than 90% and 80% respectively) was transferred during the highest discharge events. The linear model of rainfall-driven TP transfers estimated that, with the projected increase in winter rainfall (+ 8% to + 17% in the catchments by 2050s), annual event loads might increase by around 9% on average, if agricultural practices remain unchanged. Secondly, events following dry periods of several weeks, particularly in summer, were responsible for high concentrations of phosphorus, but relatively low loads. The high concentrations, associated with low flow, could become more frequent or last longer in the future, with a corresponding increase in the length of time that threshold concentrations (e.g. for water quality status) are exceeded. The results suggest that in order to build resilience in stream health and help mitigate potential increases in diffuse agricultural water pollution due to climate change, land management practices should target controllable risk factors, such as soil nutrient status, soil condition and crop cover. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” “We hypothesise that climate change, together with intensive agricultural systems, will increase the transfer of pollutants from land to water and impact on stream health. This study builds, for the first time, an integrated assessment of nutrient transfers, bringing together a) high-frequency data from the outlets of two surface water dominated, headwater (similar to 10 km(2)) agricultural catchments, b) event-by-event analysis of nutrient transfers, c) concentration duration curves for comparison with EU Water Framework Directive water quality targets, d) event analysis of location-specific, sub-daily rainfall projections (UKCP, 2009), and e) a linear model relating storm rainfall to phosphorus load. These components, in combination, bring innovation and new insight into the estimation of future phosphorus transfers, which was not available from individual components. The data demonstrated two features of particular concern for climate change impacts. Firstly, the bulk of the suspended sediment and total phosphorus (TP) load (greater than 90% and 80% respectively) was transferred during the highest discharge events. The linear model of rainfall-driven TP transfers estimated that, with the projected increase in winter rainfall (+ 8% to + 17% in the catchments by 2050s), annual event loads might increase by around 9% on average, if agricultural practices remain unchanged. Secondly, events following dry periods of several weeks, particularly in summer, were responsible for high concentrations of phosphorus, but relatively low loads. The high concentrations, associated with low flow, could become more frequent or last longer in the future, with a corresponding increase in the length of time that threshold concentrations (e.g. for water quality status) are exceeded. The results suggest that in order to build resilience in stream health and help mitigate potential increases in diffuse agricultural water pollution due to climate change, land management practices should target controllable risk factors, such as soil nutrient status, soil condition and crop cover. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to fluvial networks draining grassland dominated headwater catchments **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2015-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2015-01-01-Dominant-mechanisms-for-the-delivery-of-fine-sediment-and-phosphorus-to-fluvial-networks-draining-grassland-dominated-headwater-catchments “Recent advances in monitoring technology have enabled high frequency, in-situ measurements of total phosphorus and total reactive phosphorus to be undertaken with high precision, whilst turbidity can provide an excellent surrogate for suspended sediment. Despite these measurements being fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and flow paths that deliver these constituents to river networks, there is a paucity of such data for headwater agricultural catchments. The aim of this paper is to deduce the dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to an upland river network in the UK through characterisation of the temporal variability of hydrological fluxes, and associated soluble and particulate concentrations for the period spanning March 2012-February 2013. An assessment of the factors producing constituent hysteresis is undertaken following factor analysis (FA) on a suite of measured environmental variables representing the fluvial and wider catchment conditions prior to, and during catchment-wide hydrological events. Analysis indicates that suspended sediment is delivered to the fluvial system predominantly via rapidly responding pathways driven by event hydrology. However, evidence of complex, figure-of-eight hysteresis is observed following periods of hydrological quiescence, highlighting the importance of preparatory processes. Sediment delivery via a slow moving, probably sub-surface pathway does occur, albeit infrequently and during low magnitude events at the catchment outlet. Phosphorus is revealed to have a distinct hysteretic response to that of suspended sediment, with sub-surface pathways dominating. However, high magnitude events were observed to exhibit threshold-like behaviour, whereby activation and connection of usually disconnected depositional zones to the fluvial networks results in the movement of vast phosphorus fluxes. Multiple pathways are observed for particulate and soluble constituents, highlighting the challenges faced in mitigating the delivery of contaminant fluxes to headwater river systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” “Recent advances in monitoring technology have enabled high frequency, in-situ measurements of total phosphorus and total reactive phosphorus to be undertaken with high precision, whilst turbidity can provide an excellent surrogate for suspended sediment. Despite these measurements being fundamental to understanding the mechanisms and flow paths that deliver these constituents to river networks, there is a paucity of such data for headwater agricultural catchments. The aim of this paper is to deduce the dominant mechanisms for the delivery of fine sediment and phosphorus to an upland river network in the UK through characterisation of the temporal variability of hydrological fluxes, and associated soluble and particulate concentrations for the period spanning March 2012-February 2013. An assessment of the factors producing constituent hysteresis is undertaken following factor analysis (FA) on a suite of measured environmental variables representing the fluvial and wider catchment conditions prior to, and during catchment-wide hydrological events. Analysis indicates that suspended sediment is delivered to the fluvial system predominantly via rapidly responding pathways driven by event hydrology. However, evidence of complex, figure-of-eight hysteresis is observed following periods of hydrological quiescence, highlighting the importance of preparatory processes. Sediment delivery via a slow moving, probably sub-surface pathway does occur, albeit infrequently and during low magnitude events at the catchment outlet. Phosphorus is revealed to have a distinct hysteretic response to that of suspended sediment, with sub-surface pathways dominating. However, high magnitude events were observed to exhibit threshold-like behaviour, whereby activation and connection of usually disconnected depositional zones to the fluvial networks results in the movement of vast phosphorus fluxes. Multiple pathways are observed for particulate and soluble constituents, highlighting the challenges faced in mitigating the delivery of contaminant fluxes to headwater river systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A geospatial framework to support integrated biogeochemical modelling in the United Kingdom **Venue:** ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE **Date:** 2015-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2015-01-01-A-geospatial-framework-to-support-integrated-biogeochemical-modelling-in-the-United-Kingdom “Anthropogenic impacts on the aquatic environment, especially in the context of nutrients, provide a major challenge for water resource management. The heterogeneous nature of policy relevant management units (e.g. catchments), in terms of environmental controls on nutrient source and transport, leads to the need for holistic management. However, current strategies are limited by current understanding and knowledge that is transferable between spatial scales and landscape typologies. This study presents a spatially-explicit framework to support the modelling of nutrients from land to water, encompassing environmental and spatial complexities. The framework recognises nine homogeneous landscape units, distinct in terms of sensitivity of nutrient losses to waterbodies. The functionality of the framework is demonstrated by supporting an exemplar nutrient model, applied within the Environmental Virtual Observatory pilot (EVOp) cloud cyber-infrastructure. We demonstrate scope for the use of the framework as a management decision support tool and for further development of integrated biogeochemical modelling. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” “Anthropogenic impacts on the aquatic environment, especially in the context of nutrients, provide a major challenge for water resource management. The heterogeneous nature of policy relevant management units (e.g. catchments), in terms of environmental controls on nutrient source and transport, leads to the need for holistic management. However, current strategies are limited by current understanding and knowledge that is transferable between spatial scales and landscape typologies. This study presents a spatially-explicit framework to support the modelling of nutrients from land to water, encompassing environmental and spatial complexities. The framework recognises nine homogeneous landscape units, distinct in terms of sensitivity of nutrient losses to waterbodies. The functionality of the framework is demonstrated by supporting an exemplar nutrient model, applied within the Environmental Virtual Observatory pilot (EVOp) cloud cyber-infrastructure. We demonstrate scope for the use of the framework as a management decision support tool and for further development of integrated biogeochemical modelling. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Full Text for full citation --- ### The role of tributary relative timing and sequencing in controlling large floods **Venue:** WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH **Date:** 2014-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2014-01-01-The-role-of-tributary-relative-timing-and-sequencing-in-controlling-large-floods “Hydrograph convolution is a product of tributary inputs from across the watershed. The time-space distribution of precipitation, the biophysical processes that control the conversion of precipitation to runoff and channel flow conveyance processes, are heterogeneous and different areas respond to rainfall in different ways. We take a subwatershed approach to this and account for tributary flow magnitude, relative timing, and sequencing. We hypothesize that as the scale of the watershed increases so we may start to see systematic differences in subwatershed hydrological response. We test this hypothesis for a large flood (T > 100 years) in a large watershed in northern England. We undertake a sensitivity analysis of the effects of changing subwatershed hydrological response using a hydraulic model. Delaying upstream tributary peak flow timing to make them asynchronous from downstream subwatersheds reduced flood magnitude. However, significant hydrograph adjustment in any one subwatershed was needed for meaningful reductions in stage downstream, although smaller adjustments in multiple tributaries resulted in comparable impacts. For larger hydrograph adjustments, the effect of changing the timing of two tributaries together was lower than the effect of changing each one separately. For smaller adjustments synergy between two subwatersheds meant the effect of changing them together could be greater than the sum of the parts. Thus, this work shows that while the effects of modifying biophysical catchment properties diminishes with scale due to dilution effects, their impact on relative timing of tributaries may, if applied in the right locations, be an important element of flood management..” “Hydrograph convolution is a product of tributary inputs from across the watershed. The time-space distribution of precipitation, the biophysical processes that control the conversion of precipitation to runoff and channel flow conveyance processes, are heterogeneous and different areas respond to rainfall in different ways. We take a subwatershed approach to this and account for tributary flow magnitude, relative timing, and sequencing. We hypothesize that as the scale of the watershed increases so we may start to see systematic differences in subwatershed hydrological response. We test this hypothesis for a large flood (T > 100 years) in a large watershed in northern England. We undertake a sensitivity analysis of the effects of changing subwatershed hydrological response using a hydraulic model. Delaying upstream tributary peak flow timing to make them asynchronous from downstream subwatersheds reduced flood magnitude. However, significant hydrograph adjustment in any one subwatershed was needed for meaningful reductions in stage downstream, although smaller adjustments in multiple tributaries resulted in comparable impacts. For larger hydrograph adjustments, the effect of changing the timing of two tributaries together was lower than the effect of changing each one separately. For smaller adjustments synergy between two subwatersheds meant the effect of changing them together could be greater than the sum of the parts. Thus, this work shows that while the effects of modifying biophysical catchment properties diminishes with scale due to dilution effects, their impact on relative timing of tributaries may, if applied in the right locations, be an important element of flood management..” Full Text at Water Resources Research --- ### The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach **Venue:** HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES **Date:** 2014-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2014-01-01-The-importance-of-surface-controls-on-overland-flow-connectivity-in-semi-arid-environments-results-from-a-numerical-experimental-approach “In semi-arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment-based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi-arid environment, characteristic of south-eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope-channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” “In semi-arid environments, the characteristics of the land surface determine how rainfall is transformed into surface runoff and influences how this runoff moves from the hillslopes into river channels. Whether or not water reaches the river channel is determined by the hydrological connectivity. This paper uses a numerical experiment-based approach to systematically assess the effects of slope length, gradient, flow path convergence, infiltration rates and vegetation patterns on the generation and connectivity of runoff. The experiments were performed with the Connectivity of Runoff Model, 2D version distributed, physically based, hydrological model. The experiments presented are set within a semi-arid environment, characteristic of south-eastern Spain, which is subject to low frequency high rainfall intensity storm events. As a result, the dominant hydrological processes are infiltration excess runoff generation and surface flow dynamics. The results from the modelling experiments demonstrate that three surface factors are important in determining the form of the discharge hydrograph: the slope length, the slope gradient and the infiltration characteristics at the hillslope-channel connection. These factors are all related to the time required for generated runoff to reach an efficient flow channel, because once in this channel, the transmission losses significantly decrease. Because these factors are distributed across the landscape, they have a fundamental role in controlling the landscape hydrological response to storm events. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### High frequency variability of environmental drivers determining benthic community dynamics in headwater streams **Venue:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-PROCESSES & IMPACTS **Date:** 2014-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2014-01-01-High-frequency-variability-of-environmental-drivers-determining-benthic-community-dynamics-in-headwater-streams “Headwater streams are an important feature of the landscape, with their diversity in structure and associated ecological function providing a potential natural buffer against downstream nutrient export. Phytobenthic communities, dominated in many headwaters by diatoms, must respond to physical and chemical parameters that can vary in magnitude within hours, whereas the ecological regeneration times are much longer. How diatom communities develop in the fluctuating, dynamic environments characteristic of headwaters is poorly understood. Deployment of near- continuous monitoring technology in sub-catchments of the River Eden, NW England, provides the opportunity for measurement of temporal variability in stream discharge and nutrient resource supply to benthic communities, as represented by monthly diatom samples collected over two years. Our data suggest that the diatom communities and the derived Trophic Diatom Index, best reflect stream discharge conditions over the preceding 18-21 days and Total Phosphorus concentrations over a wider antecedent window of 7-21 days. This is one of the first quantitative assessments of long-term diatom community development in response to continuously-measured stream nutrient concentration and discharge fluctuations. The data reveal the sensitivity of these headwater communities to mean conditions prior to sampling, with flow as the dominant variable. With sufficient understanding of the role of antecedent conditions, these methods can be used to inform interpretation of monitoring data, including those collected under the European Water Framework Directive and related mitigation efforts..” “Headwater streams are an important feature of the landscape, with their diversity in structure and associated ecological function providing a potential natural buffer against downstream nutrient export. Phytobenthic communities, dominated in many headwaters by diatoms, must respond to physical and chemical parameters that can vary in magnitude within hours, whereas the ecological regeneration times are much longer. How diatom communities develop in the fluctuating, dynamic environments characteristic of headwaters is poorly understood. Deployment of near- continuous monitoring technology in sub-catchments of the River Eden, NW England, provides the opportunity for measurement of temporal variability in stream discharge and nutrient resource supply to benthic communities, as represented by monthly diatom samples collected over two years. Our data suggest that the diatom communities and the derived Trophic Diatom Index, best reflect stream discharge conditions over the preceding 18-21 days and Total Phosphorus concentrations over a wider antecedent window of 7-21 days. This is one of the first quantitative assessments of long-term diatom community development in response to continuously-measured stream nutrient concentration and discharge fluctuations. The data reveal the sensitivity of these headwater communities to mean conditions prior to sampling, with flow as the dominant variable. With sufficient understanding of the role of antecedent conditions, these methods can be used to inform interpretation of monitoring data, including those collected under the European Water Framework Directive and related mitigation efforts..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Towards a unified threshold-based hydrological theory: necessary components and recurring challenges **Venue:** HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES **Date:** 2013-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2013-01-01-Towards-a-unified-threshold-based-hydrological-theory-necessary-components-and-recurring-challenges Extrapolating the influence of local runoff generation processes to larger watershed scales has not always proven successful (Sivapalan, 2003; Kirchner, 2006; McDonnell et al., 2007). This has led to a call among hydrologists for research frameworks within which to pose questions, choose methodology, and shape interpretation and analysis of hydrological behaviour for advancing our understanding of watershed scale processes. In recent years, a shift towards focusing on catchment emergent properties and developing a unified hydrological theory (Sivapalan, 2005) as opposed to fine-scale process descriptions for individual catchments has occurred. One such emergent property is the hillslope- or catchment-scale threshold runoff response (e.g. Bonell, 1998; Weiler et al., 2005; Zehe et al., 2005; Lehmann et al., 2007), which is the critical point in time or space at which runoff behaviour rapidly changes (Phillips, 2006). In describing threshold driven systems, we have recognized that the simplicity of overall emergent catchment response is likely to be the result of interactions and feedbacks between processes that we do not fully understand. The use of thresholds as effective diagnostic tools of catchment behaviour has however been hindered by the fact that knowledge gained over different sites stand as disparate cases with no unifying theory to connect them. In this commentary, we build upon discussions from the AGU 2011 Fall Meeting session ‘Moving Towards a Unified Threshold-based Hydrological Theory’ to propose a new unifying hydrological research framework based on nonlinear threshold theory. It is not the goal of this commentary to summarize each of the presentations from the AGU session; rather, we discuss several of the central topics that emerged as the session progressed. These topics include: (1) defining a set of organizing principles for a threshold-based framework, (2) assessing the measurement-related hurdles we face on the road towards a threshold-based theory, and (3) encouraging both inductive and deductive methods to examine threshold behaviours in community-level experiments across sites. Extrapolating the influence of local runoff generation processes to larger watershed scales has not always proven successful (Sivapalan, 2003; Kirchner, 2006; McDonnell et al., 2007). This has led to a call among hydrologists for research frameworks within which to pose questions, choose methodology, and shape interpretation and analysis of hydrological behaviour for advancing our understanding of watershed scale processes. In recent years, a shift towards focusing on catchment emergent properties and developing a unified hydrological theory (Sivapalan, 2005) as opposed to fine-scale process descriptions for individual catchments has occurred. One such emergent property is the hillslope- or catchment-scale threshold runoff response (e.g. Bonell, 1998; Weiler et al., 2005; Zehe et al., 2005; Lehmann et al., 2007), which is the critical point in time or space at which runoff behaviour rapidly changes (Phillips, 2006). In describing threshold driven systems, we have recognized that the simplicity of overall emergent catchment response is likely to be the result of interactions and feedbacks between processes that we do not fully understand. The use of thresholds as effective diagnostic tools of catchment behaviour has however been hindered by the fact that knowledge gained over different sites stand as disparate cases with no unifying theory to connect them. In this commentary, we build upon discussions from the AGU 2011 Fall Meeting session ‘Moving Towards a Unified Threshold-based Hydrological Theory’ to propose a new unifying hydrological research framework based on nonlinear threshold theory. It is not the goal of this commentary to summarize each of the presentations from the AGU session; rather, we discuss several of the central topics that emerged as the session progressed. These topics include: (1) defining a set of organizing principles for a threshold-based framework, (2) assessing the measurement-related hurdles we face on the road towards a threshold-based theory, and (3) encouraging both inductive and deductive methods to examine threshold behaviours in community-level experiments across sites. Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Integrated environmental modeling: A vision and roadmap for the future **Venue:** ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE **Date:** 2013-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2013-01-01-Integrated-environmental-modeling-A-vision-and-roadmap-for-the-future “Integrated environmental modeling (IEM) is inspired by modern environmental problems, decisions, and policies and enabled by transdisciplinary science and computer capabilities that allow the environment to be considered in a holistic way. The problems are characterized by the extent of the environmental system involved, dynamic and interdependent nature of stressors and their impacts, diversity of stakeholders, and integration of social, economic, and environmental considerations. IEM provides a science-based structure to develop and organize relevant knowledge and information and apply it to explain, explore, and predict the behavior of environmental systems in response to human and natural sources of stress. During the past several years a number of workshops were held that brought IEM practitioners together to share experiences and discuss future needs and directions. In this paper we organize and present the results of these discussions. IEM is presented as a landscape containing four interdependent elements: applications, science, technology, and community. The elements are described from the perspective of their role in the landscape, current practices, and challenges that must be addressed. Workshop participants envision a global scale IEM community that leverages modern technologies to streamline the movement of science-based knowledge from its sources in research, through its organization into databases and models, to its integration and application for problem solving purposes. Achieving this vision will require that the global community of IEM stakeholders transcend social, and organizational boundaries and pursue greater levels of collaboration. Among the highest priorities for community action are the development of standards for publishing IEM data and models in forms suitable for automated discovery, access, and integration: education of the next generation of environmental stakeholders, with a focus on transdisciplinary research, development, and decision making: and providing a web-based platform for community interactions (e.g., continuous virtual workshops). Published by Elsevier Ltd..” “Integrated environmental modeling (IEM) is inspired by modern environmental problems, decisions, and policies and enabled by transdisciplinary science and computer capabilities that allow the environment to be considered in a holistic way. The problems are characterized by the extent of the environmental system involved, dynamic and interdependent nature of stressors and their impacts, diversity of stakeholders, and integration of social, economic, and environmental considerations. IEM provides a science-based structure to develop and organize relevant knowledge and information and apply it to explain, explore, and predict the behavior of environmental systems in response to human and natural sources of stress. During the past several years a number of workshops were held that brought IEM practitioners together to share experiences and discuss future needs and directions. In this paper we organize and present the results of these discussions. IEM is presented as a landscape containing four interdependent elements: applications, science, technology, and community. The elements are described from the perspective of their role in the landscape, current practices, and challenges that must be addressed. Workshop participants envision a global scale IEM community that leverages modern technologies to streamline the movement of science-based knowledge from its sources in research, through its organization into databases and models, to its integration and application for problem solving purposes. Achieving this vision will require that the global community of IEM stakeholders transcend social, and organizational boundaries and pursue greater levels of collaboration. Among the highest priorities for community action are the development of standards for publishing IEM data and models in forms suitable for automated discovery, access, and integration: education of the next generation of environmental stakeholders, with a focus on transdisciplinary research, development, and decision making: and providing a web-based platform for community interactions (e.g., continuous virtual workshops). Published by Elsevier Ltd..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas **Venue:** EARTH-SCIENCE REVIEWS **Date:** 2013-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2013-01-01-Concepts-of-hydrological-connectivity-Research-approaches-pathways-and-future-agendas “For effective catchment management and intervention in hydrological systems a process-based understanding of hydrological connectivity is required so that: i) conceptual rather than solely empirical understanding drives how systems are interpreted; and ii) there is an understanding of how continuous flow fields develop under different sets of environmental conditions to enable managers to know when, where and how to intervene in catchment processes successfully. In order to direct future research into process-based hydrological connectivity this paper: i) evaluates the extent to which different concepts of hydrological connectivity have emerged from different approaches to measure and predict flow in different environments; ii) discusses the extent to which these different concepts are mutually compatible; and iii) assesses further research to contribute to a unified understanding of hydrological processes. Existing research is categorised into five different approaches to investigating hydrological connectivity: i) evaluating soil moisture patterns (soil moisture connectivity); ii) understanding runoff patterns and processes on hillslopes (flow-process connectivity); iii) investigating topographic controls (terrain-connectivity) including the impact of road networks on hydrological connectivity and catchment runoff; iv) developing models to explore and predict hydrological connectivity; and v) developing indices of hydrological connectivity. Analysis of published research suggests a relationship between research group, approach, geographic setting and the interpretation of hydrological connectivity. For further understanding of hydrological connectivity our knowledge needs to be developed using a range of techniques and approaches, there should be common understandings between researchers approaching the concept from different perspectives, and these meanings need to be communicated effectively with those responsible for land management. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” “For effective catchment management and intervention in hydrological systems a process-based understanding of hydrological connectivity is required so that: i) conceptual rather than solely empirical understanding drives how systems are interpreted; and ii) there is an understanding of how continuous flow fields develop under different sets of environmental conditions to enable managers to know when, where and how to intervene in catchment processes successfully. In order to direct future research into process-based hydrological connectivity this paper: i) evaluates the extent to which different concepts of hydrological connectivity have emerged from different approaches to measure and predict flow in different environments; ii) discusses the extent to which these different concepts are mutually compatible; and iii) assesses further research to contribute to a unified understanding of hydrological processes. Existing research is categorised into five different approaches to investigating hydrological connectivity: i) evaluating soil moisture patterns (soil moisture connectivity); ii) understanding runoff patterns and processes on hillslopes (flow-process connectivity); iii) investigating topographic controls (terrain-connectivity) including the impact of road networks on hydrological connectivity and catchment runoff; iv) developing models to explore and predict hydrological connectivity; and v) developing indices of hydrological connectivity. Analysis of published research suggests a relationship between research group, approach, geographic setting and the interpretation of hydrological connectivity. For further understanding of hydrological connectivity our knowledge needs to be developed using a range of techniques and approaches, there should be common understandings between researchers approaching the concept from different perspectives, and these meanings need to be communicated effectively with those responsible for land management. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older people's health care in England **Venue:** APPLIED GEOGRAPHY **Date:** 2012-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2012-01-01-Climate-change-and-health-and-social-care-Defining-future-hazard-vulnerability-and-risk-for-infrastructure-systems-supporting-older-peoples-health-care-in-England “Health and social care systems (including the care needs of the population and infrastructures providing health and social care) are likely to be influenced by climate change, in particular by the increasing frequency and severity of weather-related hazards such as floods and heatwaves. Coldwaves will also continue to be challenging in the foreseeable future. Protecting people's health and wellbeing from the impacts of climate change is especially important for older people, as they are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards. In addition, the proportion of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase significantly. This paper addresses these issues through a discussion of our work to map variations across England in future hazards, vulnerability and risk. We explain how this mapping has been used to identify areas of the country where the built infrastructure serving the older age group might be most severely impacted by climate-related events over the next 20-30 years and where planning for adaptation and resilience is most urgently required. Based on a review of research on the links between extreme weather events and their impacts on older people's health and the care services on which they depend, we developed operational definitions of extreme weather-related hazards likely to place particular pressure on health and social care systems that are essential for older people's health and wellbeing. We consider ways to relate these to the latest climate projections for the 2030s from the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCP09); river and coastal flooding projections for the 2050s from the 2004 UK Government's Foresight Flood and Coastal Defence Project (Environment Agency, 2004); and demographic projections for 2031 produced by the Office for National Statistics, UK. The research highlights the complexity of undertaking future hazard and vulnerability assessments. Key challenges include: how to define future hazards associated with climate change; how to predict and interpret future socio-demographic conditions contributing to vulnerability; and how geographical variability in hazards and vulnerabilities may combine to produce risks at the local level. In contrast to a number of more local studies which have focused on the vulnerability of urban populations to the impact of climate change (particularly heatwaves), the findings highlight the potential vulnerability of older populations in more rural regions (often in coastal areas) to a range of extreme weather-related hazards in both the North and South of England. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” “Health and social care systems (including the care needs of the population and infrastructures providing health and social care) are likely to be influenced by climate change, in particular by the increasing frequency and severity of weather-related hazards such as floods and heatwaves. Coldwaves will also continue to be challenging in the foreseeable future. Protecting people's health and wellbeing from the impacts of climate change is especially important for older people, as they are particularly vulnerable to climate-related hazards. In addition, the proportion of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase significantly. This paper addresses these issues through a discussion of our work to map variations across England in future hazards, vulnerability and risk. We explain how this mapping has been used to identify areas of the country where the built infrastructure serving the older age group might be most severely impacted by climate-related events over the next 20-30 years and where planning for adaptation and resilience is most urgently required. Based on a review of research on the links between extreme weather events and their impacts on older people's health and the care services on which they depend, we developed operational definitions of extreme weather-related hazards likely to place particular pressure on health and social care systems that are essential for older people's health and wellbeing. We consider ways to relate these to the latest climate projections for the 2030s from the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCP09); river and coastal flooding projections for the 2050s from the 2004 UK Government's Foresight Flood and Coastal Defence Project (Environment Agency, 2004); and demographic projections for 2031 produced by the Office for National Statistics, UK. The research highlights the complexity of undertaking future hazard and vulnerability assessments. Key challenges include: how to define future hazards associated with climate change; how to predict and interpret future socio-demographic conditions contributing to vulnerability; and how geographical variability in hazards and vulnerabilities may combine to produce risks at the local level. In contrast to a number of more local studies which have focused on the vulnerability of urban populations to the impact of climate change (particularly heatwaves), the findings highlight the potential vulnerability of older populations in more rural regions (often in coastal areas) to a range of extreme weather-related hazards in both the North and South of England. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments **Venue:** SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT **Date:** 2012-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2012-01-01-A-Monte-Carlo-approach-to-the-inverse-problem-of-diffuse-pollution-risk-in-agricultural-catchments “The hydrological and biogeochemical processes that operate in catchments influence the ecological quality of freshwater systems through delivery of fine sediment, nutrients and organic matter. Most models that seek to characterise the delivery of diffuse pollutants from land to water are reductionist. The multitude of processes that are parameterised in such models to ensure generic applicability make them complex and difficult to test on available data. Here, we outline an alternative - data-driven - inverse approach. We apply SCIMAP, a parsimonious risk based model that has an explicit treatment of hydrological connectivity. we take a Bayesian approach to the inverse problem of determining the risk that must be assigned to different land uses in a catchment in order to explain the spatial patterns of measured in-stream nutrient concentrations. We apply the model to identify the key sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffuse pollution risk in eleven UK catchments covering a range of landscapes. The model results show that: 1) some land use generates a consistently high or low risk of diffuse nutrient pollution; but 2) the risks associated with different land uses vary both between catchments and between nutrients; and 3) that the dominant sources of P and N risk in the catchment are often a function of the spatial configuration of land uses. Taken on a case-by-case basis, this type of inverse approach may be used to help prioritise the focus of interventions to reduce diffuse pollution risk for freshwater ecosystems. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” “The hydrological and biogeochemical processes that operate in catchments influence the ecological quality of freshwater systems through delivery of fine sediment, nutrients and organic matter. Most models that seek to characterise the delivery of diffuse pollutants from land to water are reductionist. The multitude of processes that are parameterised in such models to ensure generic applicability make them complex and difficult to test on available data. Here, we outline an alternative - data-driven - inverse approach. We apply SCIMAP, a parsimonious risk based model that has an explicit treatment of hydrological connectivity. we take a Bayesian approach to the inverse problem of determining the risk that must be assigned to different land uses in a catchment in order to explain the spatial patterns of measured in-stream nutrient concentrations. We apply the model to identify the key sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) diffuse pollution risk in eleven UK catchments covering a range of landscapes. The model results show that: 1) some land use generates a consistently high or low risk of diffuse nutrient pollution; but 2) the risks associated with different land uses vary both between catchments and between nutrients; and 3) that the dominant sources of P and N risk in the catchment are often a function of the spatial configuration of land uses. Taken on a case-by-case basis, this type of inverse approach may be used to help prioritise the focus of interventions to reduce diffuse pollution risk for freshwater ecosystems. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme **Venue:** ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY **Date:** 2011-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2011-01-01-Using-the-nutrient-transfer-continuum-concept-to-evaluate-the-European-Union-Nitrates-Directive-National-Action-Programme “Agricultural catchments are where farm and landscape management interact with policy and science; especially with regard to the implementation and evaluation of agri-environmental regulation. The Nitrates Directive constrains nitrogen and phosphorus use and management on agricultural land across all EU member states and is one of the programmes of measures to mitigate eutrophication of water resources under the Water Framework Directive. All policies require a robust evaluation tool and for the potential diffuse transfer of nutrients from land to water, the nutrient transfer continuum concept is applied here as an example framework in small (6-30 km(2)) catchments. The experimental design, methods and some early results are presented: auditing nutrient sources to established levels of compliance is the first stage and considers nutrient use and soil status. Studying pathways provides an understanding of linkages between the land sources and delivery in catchment rivers. This delivery is generally associated with episodic, high magnitude transfers and may not necessarily be the only or even primary ecological impact in rivers. Critiquing existing delivery/impact metrics and defining appropriate standards for identifying trajectories associated with diffuse nutrient transfer will be important in ensuring that agri-environmental policies are given a fair and thorough evaluation over a suitable time period. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” “Agricultural catchments are where farm and landscape management interact with policy and science; especially with regard to the implementation and evaluation of agri-environmental regulation. The Nitrates Directive constrains nitrogen and phosphorus use and management on agricultural land across all EU member states and is one of the programmes of measures to mitigate eutrophication of water resources under the Water Framework Directive. All policies require a robust evaluation tool and for the potential diffuse transfer of nutrients from land to water, the nutrient transfer continuum concept is applied here as an example framework in small (6-30 km(2)) catchments. The experimental design, methods and some early results are presented: auditing nutrient sources to established levels of compliance is the first stage and considers nutrient use and soil status. Studying pathways provides an understanding of linkages between the land sources and delivery in catchment rivers. This delivery is generally associated with episodic, high magnitude transfers and may not necessarily be the only or even primary ecological impact in rivers. Critiquing existing delivery/impact metrics and defining appropriate standards for identifying trajectories associated with diffuse nutrient transfer will be important in ensuring that agri-environmental policies are given a fair and thorough evaluation over a suitable time period. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance **Venue:** ECOLOGICAL MODELLING **Date:** 2011-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2011-01-01-Risk-based-modelling-of-diffuse-land-use-impacts-from-rural-landscapes-upon-salmonid-fry-abundance “Research has demonstrated that landscape or watershed scale processes can influence instream aquatic ecosystems, in terms of the impacts of delivery of fine sediment, solutes and organic matter. Testing such impacts upon populations of organisms (i.e. at the catchment scale) has not proven straightforward and differences have emerged in the conclusions reached. This is: (1) partly because different studies have focused upon different scales of enquiry; but also (2) because the emphasis upon upstream land cover has rarely addressed the extent to which such land covers are hydrologically connected, and hence able to deliver diffuse pollution, to the drainage network However, there is a third issue. In order to develop suitable hydrological models, we need to conceptualise the process cascade. To do this, we need to know what matters to the organism being impacted by the hydrological system, such that we can identify which processes need to be modelled. Acquiring such knowledge is not easy, especially for organisms like fish that might occupy very different locations in the river over relatively short periods of time. However, and inevitably, hydrological modellers have started by building up piecemeal the aspects of the problem that we think matter to fish. Herein, we report two developments: (a) for the case of sediment associated diffuse pollution from agriculture, a risk-based modelling framework, SCIMAP, has been developed, which is distinct because it has an explicit focus upon hydrological connectivity; and (b) we use spatially distributed ecological data to infer the processes and the associated process parameters that matter to salmonid fry. We apply the model to spatially distributed salmon and fry data from the River Eden, Cumbria, England. The analysis shows, quite surprisingly, that arable land covers are relatively unimportant as drivers of fry abundance. What matters most is intensive pasture, a land cover that could be associated with a number of stressors on salmonid fry (e.g. pesticides, fine sediment) and which allows us to identify a series of risky field locations, where this land cover is readily connected to the river system by overland flow. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” “Research has demonstrated that landscape or watershed scale processes can influence instream aquatic ecosystems, in terms of the impacts of delivery of fine sediment, solutes and organic matter. Testing such impacts upon populations of organisms (i.e. at the catchment scale) has not proven straightforward and differences have emerged in the conclusions reached. This is: (1) partly because different studies have focused upon different scales of enquiry; but also (2) because the emphasis upon upstream land cover has rarely addressed the extent to which such land covers are hydrologically connected, and hence able to deliver diffuse pollution, to the drainage network However, there is a third issue. In order to develop suitable hydrological models, we need to conceptualise the process cascade. To do this, we need to know what matters to the organism being impacted by the hydrological system, such that we can identify which processes need to be modelled. Acquiring such knowledge is not easy, especially for organisms like fish that might occupy very different locations in the river over relatively short periods of time. However, and inevitably, hydrological modellers have started by building up piecemeal the aspects of the problem that we think matter to fish. Herein, we report two developments: (a) for the case of sediment associated diffuse pollution from agriculture, a risk-based modelling framework, SCIMAP, has been developed, which is distinct because it has an explicit focus upon hydrological connectivity; and (b) we use spatially distributed ecological data to infer the processes and the associated process parameters that matter to salmonid fry. We apply the model to spatially distributed salmon and fry data from the River Eden, Cumbria, England. The analysis shows, quite surprisingly, that arable land covers are relatively unimportant as drivers of fry abundance. What matters most is intensive pasture, a land cover that could be associated with a number of stressors on salmonid fry (e.g. pesticides, fine sediment) and which allows us to identify a series of risky field locations, where this land cover is readily connected to the river system by overland flow. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022 --- ### Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index **Venue:** WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH **Date:** 2009-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2009-01-01-Representation-of-landscape-hydrological-connectivity-using-a-topographically-driven-surface-flow-index “This paper assesses the extent to which a topographically defined description of the spatial arrangement of catchment wetness can be used to represent landscape hydrological connectivity in temperate river catchments. A physically based distributed hydrological model is used to characterize the space-time patterns of surface overland flow connection to the drainage network. These characterizations are compared with a static descriptor of the spatial structure of topographically controlled local wetness, called here the Network Index. Theoretically, if topography is the primary control upon hydrological response, the level of catchment wetness required to maintain connectivity along a flow path should be greater for flow paths that have a lower value of the topographically controlled local wetness. We find that our static descriptor can be used to generalize a significant proportion of the time-averaged spatial variability in connectivity, in terms of both the propensity to and duration of connection. Although the extent to which this finding holds will vary with the extent of topographic control of hydrological response, in catchments with relatively shallow soils and impervious geology our index could improve significantly the estimation of the transfer of sediment and dissolved materials to the drainage network and so assist with both diffuse pollution and climate change impact studies. The work also provides a second reason for the concept that there are Critical Source Areas in river catchments: these arise from the extent to which that material can be delivered to the drainage network, as well as the generation of risky material itself.” “This paper assesses the extent to which a topographically defined description of the spatial arrangement of catchment wetness can be used to represent landscape hydrological connectivity in temperate river catchments. A physically based distributed hydrological model is used to characterize the space-time patterns of surface overland flow connection to the drainage network. These characterizations are compared with a static descriptor of the spatial structure of topographically controlled local wetness, called here the Network Index. Theoretically, if topography is the primary control upon hydrological response, the level of catchment wetness required to maintain connectivity along a flow path should be greater for flow paths that have a lower value of the topographically controlled local wetness. We find that our static descriptor can be used to generalize a significant proportion of the time-averaged spatial variability in connectivity, in terms of both the propensity to and duration of connection. Although the extent to which this finding holds will vary with the extent of topographic control of hydrological response, in catchments with relatively shallow soils and impervious geology our index could improve significantly the estimation of the transfer of sediment and dissolved materials to the drainage network and so assist with both diffuse pollution and climate change impact studies. The work also provides a second reason for the concept that there are Critical Source Areas in river catchments: these arise from the extent to which that material can be delivered to the drainage network, as well as the generation of risky material itself.” Full Text --- ### The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments **Venue:** EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS **Date:** 2008-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2008-01-01-The-use-of-agent-based-modelling-techniques-in-hydrology-determining-the-spatial-and-temporal-origin-of-channel-flow-in-semi-arid-catchments “Information on the spatial and temporal origin of runoff entering the channel during a storm event would be valuable in understanding the physical dynamics of catchment hydrology; this knowledge could be used to help design flood defences and diffuse pollution mitigation strategies. The majority of distributed hydrological models give information on the amount of flow leaving a catchment and the pattern of fluxes within the catchment. However, these models do not give any precise information on the origin of runoff within the catchment. The spatial and temporal distribution of runoff sources is particularly intricate in semi-arid catchments, where there are complex interactions between runoff generation, transmission and re-infiltration over short temporal scales. Agents are software components that are capable of moving through and responding to their local environment. In this application, the agents trace the path taken by water through the catchment. They have information on their local environment and on the basis of this information make decisions on where to move. Within a given model iteration, the agents are able to stay in the current cell, infiltrate into the soil or flow into a neighbouring cell. The information on the current state of the hydrological environment is provided by the environment generator. In this application, the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) has been used to generate the environment. CRUM is a physically based, distributed, dynamic hydrology model, which considers the hydrological processes relevant for a semi-arid environment at the temporal scale of a single storm event. During the storm event, agents are introduced into the model across the catchment; they trace the flows of water and store information on the flow pathways. Therefore, this modelling approach is capable of giving a novel picture of the temporal and spatial dynamics of flow generation and transmission during a storm event. This is possible by extracting the pathways taken by the agents at different time slices during the storm. The agent based modelling approach has been applied to two small catchments in South East Spain. The modelling approach showed that the two catchments responded differently to the same rainfall event due to the differences in the runoff generation and overland flow connectivity between the two catchments. The model also showed that the time of travel to the nearest flow concentration is extremely important for determining the connectivity of a point in the landscape with the catchment outflow. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” “Information on the spatial and temporal origin of runoff entering the channel during a storm event would be valuable in understanding the physical dynamics of catchment hydrology; this knowledge could be used to help design flood defences and diffuse pollution mitigation strategies. The majority of distributed hydrological models give information on the amount of flow leaving a catchment and the pattern of fluxes within the catchment. However, these models do not give any precise information on the origin of runoff within the catchment. The spatial and temporal distribution of runoff sources is particularly intricate in semi-arid catchments, where there are complex interactions between runoff generation, transmission and re-infiltration over short temporal scales. Agents are software components that are capable of moving through and responding to their local environment. In this application, the agents trace the path taken by water through the catchment. They have information on their local environment and on the basis of this information make decisions on where to move. Within a given model iteration, the agents are able to stay in the current cell, infiltrate into the soil or flow into a neighbouring cell. The information on the current state of the hydrological environment is provided by the environment generator. In this application, the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) has been used to generate the environment. CRUM is a physically based, distributed, dynamic hydrology model, which considers the hydrological processes relevant for a semi-arid environment at the temporal scale of a single storm event. During the storm event, agents are introduced into the model across the catchment; they trace the flows of water and store information on the flow pathways. Therefore, this modelling approach is capable of giving a novel picture of the temporal and spatial dynamics of flow generation and transmission during a storm event. This is possible by extracting the pathways taken by the agents at different time slices during the storm. The agent based modelling approach has been applied to two small catchments in South East Spain. The modelling approach showed that the two catchments responded differently to the same rainfall event due to the differences in the runoff generation and overland flow connectivity between the two catchments. The model also showed that the time of travel to the nearest flow concentration is extremely important for determining the connectivity of a point in the landscape with the catchment outflow. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the influence of storm characteristics on runoff generation and connectivity in semi-arid areas **Venue:** HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES **Date:** 2007-03-13 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2007-01-01-Use-of-the-Connectivity-of-Runoff-Model-CRUM-to-investigate-the-influence-of-storm-characteristics-on-runoff-generation-and-connectivity-in-semi-arid-areas “Much attention has been given to the surface controls on the generation and transmission of runoff in semi-arid areas. However, the surface controls form only one part of the system; hence, it is important to consider the effect that the characteristics of the storm event have on the generation of runoff and the transmission of flow across the slope. The impact of storm characteristics has been investigated using the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM). This is a distributed, dynamic hydrology model that considers the hydrological processes relevant to semi-arid environments at the temporal scale of a single storm event. The key storm characteristics that have been investigated are the storm duration, rainfall intensity, rainfall variability and temporal structure. This has been achieved through the use of a series of defined storm hydrographs and stochastic rainfall. Results show that the temporal fragmentation of high-intensity rainfall is important for determining the travel distances of overland flow and, hence, the amount of runoff that leaves the slope as discharge. If the high-intensity rainfall is fragmented, then the runoff infiltrates a short distance downslope. Longer periods of high-intensity rainfall allow the runoff to travel further and, hence, become discharge. Therefore, storms with similar amounts of high-intensity rainfall can produce very different amounts of discharge depending on the storm characteristics. The response of the hydrological system to changes in the rainfall characteristics can be explained using a four-stage model of the runoff generation process. These stages are: (1) all water infiltrating, (2) the surface depression store filling or emptying without runoff occurring, (3) the generation and transmission of runoff and (4) the transmission of runoff without new runoff being generated. The storm event will move the system between the four stages and the nature of the rainfall required to move between the stages is determined by the surface characteristics. This research shows the importance of the variable-intensity rainfall when modelling semi-arid runoff generation. The amount of discharge may be greater or less than the amount that would have been produced if constant rainfall intensity is used in the model. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” “Much attention has been given to the surface controls on the generation and transmission of runoff in semi-arid areas. However, the surface controls form only one part of the system; hence, it is important to consider the effect that the characteristics of the storm event have on the generation of runoff and the transmission of flow across the slope. The impact of storm characteristics has been investigated using the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM). This is a distributed, dynamic hydrology model that considers the hydrological processes relevant to semi-arid environments at the temporal scale of a single storm event. The key storm characteristics that have been investigated are the storm duration, rainfall intensity, rainfall variability and temporal structure. This has been achieved through the use of a series of defined storm hydrographs and stochastic rainfall. Results show that the temporal fragmentation of high-intensity rainfall is important for determining the travel distances of overland flow and, hence, the amount of runoff that leaves the slope as discharge. If the high-intensity rainfall is fragmented, then the runoff infiltrates a short distance downslope. Longer periods of high-intensity rainfall allow the runoff to travel further and, hence, become discharge. Therefore, storms with similar amounts of high-intensity rainfall can produce very different amounts of discharge depending on the storm characteristics. The response of the hydrological system to changes in the rainfall characteristics can be explained using a four-stage model of the runoff generation process. These stages are: (1) all water infiltrating, (2) the surface depression store filling or emptying without runoff occurring, (3) the generation and transmission of runoff and (4) the transmission of runoff without new runoff being generated. The storm event will move the system between the four stages and the nature of the rainfall required to move between the stages is determined by the surface characteristics. This research shows the importance of the variable-intensity rainfall when modelling semi-arid runoff generation. The amount of discharge may be greater or less than the amount that would have been produced if constant rainfall intensity is used in the model. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..” Full Text --- ### Surveillant science: Challenges for the management of rural environments emerging from the new generation diffuse pollution models **Venue:** JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS **Date:** 2006-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2006-01-01-Surveillant-science-Challenges-for-the-management-of-rural-environments-emerging-from-the-new-generation-diffuse-pollution-models “Current models of diffuse pollution are characterised by a progressive engagement with remotely-sensed data coupled with more elegant modelling approaches. Central to these new models is the concept of connectivity, which leads to the identification and prioritisation of those landscape units (e.g., fields) where the consequences of land management activities are most readily transmitted to watercourses. The practice of diffuse pollution modelling using such models encounters certain problems. Following Brewer we argue that interdisciplinarity offers the opportunity to overcome these problems through: (1) its explicit recognition of the framing implicit in model development; (2) an emphasis on context in problem-solving; (3) methodological pluralism; and (4) following from these other factors, the possibility of a different sort of engagement between land managers and modellers. Hence, the case for developing interdisciplinary approaches goes beyond the conventional dictates of problem-led research and points to very different ways of conducting diffuse pollution research, taking on board the full dimensions of interdisciplinarity, with its emphasis on reflexivity, contextuality, substance and engagement..” “Current models of diffuse pollution are characterised by a progressive engagement with remotely-sensed data coupled with more elegant modelling approaches. Central to these new models is the concept of connectivity, which leads to the identification and prioritisation of those landscape units (e.g., fields) where the consequences of land management activities are most readily transmitted to watercourses. The practice of diffuse pollution modelling using such models encounters certain problems. Following Brewer we argue that interdisciplinarity offers the opportunity to overcome these problems through: (1) its explicit recognition of the framing implicit in model development; (2) an emphasis on context in problem-solving; (3) methodological pluralism; and (4) following from these other factors, the possibility of a different sort of engagement between land managers and modellers. Hence, the case for developing interdisciplinary approaches goes beyond the conventional dictates of problem-led research and points to very different ways of conducting diffuse pollution research, taking on board the full dimensions of interdisciplinarity, with its emphasis on reflexivity, contextuality, substance and engagement..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The influence of land use, soils and topography on the delivery of hillslope runoff to channels in SE Spain **Venue:** EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS **Date:** 2002-01-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/publication/2002-01-01-The-influence-of-land-use-soils-and-topography-on-the-delivery-of-hillslope-runoff-to-channels-in-SE-Spain “It is generally accepted that within particular physiographic and climatic regions catchments exhibit differences in their hydrological response. These differences result from the interaction of spatial variability in catchment characteristics, variability of rainfall inputs and surface and subsurface hydrological processes. These interactions are complex and difficult to unravel. Hydrologically similar surfaces (HYSS) have been used to identify catchment areas that have a similar response to rainfall and have been identified at a number of scales. HYSS have been identified at the subcatchment scale for the Rambla de Nogalte in SE Spain. Areas with similar at-a-point hydrological storages were distinguished by using a combination of geology, land use and topography. This mapping was compared with discharge estimates made throughout the catchment following a seven-year return interval flood in September 1997. From this significant flood source areas were identified from reaches showing rapidly increasing channel discharge, and associated with HYSS that combined suitable internal characteristics with good connectivity to the main channel. This paper presents a simulation model that has been developed to investigate the way in which the hydrological response of areas within a HYSS respond to changes in source area, gradient, connectivity to the channel, storm size and intensity profile. This is one of the first studies using a hillslope model to investigate spatial patterns of runoff-response in semi-arid areas and results have implications for scaling up hydrological response, and on how the dynamics of runoff producing areas vary both underchanging storm conditions and over time. It is implicit in our results that the nature of stream-slope coupling differs substantively between semi-arid and humid areas. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd..” “It is generally accepted that within particular physiographic and climatic regions catchments exhibit differences in their hydrological response. These differences result from the interaction of spatial variability in catchment characteristics, variability of rainfall inputs and surface and subsurface hydrological processes. These interactions are complex and difficult to unravel. Hydrologically similar surfaces (HYSS) have been used to identify catchment areas that have a similar response to rainfall and have been identified at a number of scales. HYSS have been identified at the subcatchment scale for the Rambla de Nogalte in SE Spain. Areas with similar at-a-point hydrological storages were distinguished by using a combination of geology, land use and topography. This mapping was compared with discharge estimates made throughout the catchment following a seven-year return interval flood in September 1997. From this significant flood source areas were identified from reaches showing rapidly increasing channel discharge, and associated with HYSS that combined suitable internal characteristics with good connectivity to the main channel. This paper presents a simulation model that has been developed to investigate the way in which the hydrological response of areas within a HYSS respond to changes in source area, gradient, connectivity to the channel, storm size and intensity profile. This is one of the first studies using a hillslope model to investigate spatial patterns of runoff-response in semi-arid areas and results have implications for scaling up hydrological response, and on how the dynamics of runoff producing areas vary both underchanging storm conditions and over time. It is implicit in our results that the nature of stream-slope coupling differs substantively between semi-arid and humid areas. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd..” Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ## 3. Talks & Presentations ### Impacts of Climate and Land-use Change on Water Quality, Floods, and Droughts for Catchments in Northern England **Location/Event:** AOGS **Date:** 2026-08-05 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-08-05-AOGS-ECOMIX Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Aaron Neill Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Aaron Neill Climate and land-use changes are projected to significantly affect the hydrological functioning of catchment systems, influencing the frequency of flood and drought events, the dominant hydrological pathways, and the conditions for biogeochemical processes. These changes in the landscape will alter the magnitude and timing of sediment and nutrient exports from the landscape into freshwater and marine systems, potentially significantly affecting ecological health and associated ecosystem services. To assess potential changes, we have modelled 10,000 km² of river catchments in Yorkshire, England, encompassing agricultural, moorland, and urban areas, using the HYPE model. This model has been applied at the 0.5 km² scale to provide a detailed representation of soil type, topography, and land cover. The model was validated using 20 years of historical data within the GLUE uncertainty framework, yielding an ensemble of 25 model parameter sets. The future scenarios are based on the 12-member ensemble from the UKCP18 2.2km convection-permitting Regional Climate Model under the RCP8.5 global emissions scenarios. The combined uncertainty representation yielded a set of 300 parameter and climate-model simulations. This ensemble was applied to land-use change projections from the CRAFTY-GB dataset for the SSP1—Sustainability, SSP2—Middle-of-the-road, and SSP5—Fossil-fuelled development scenarios, from 2020 to 2080. The results project that the hydrological extremes (both low and high flows) tend to become more pronounced. Furthermore, water temperatures are projected to increase by up to 5 ℃, particularly during low-flow periods in the summer months (June – September), with significant potential impacts on fish habitats. Hydrological and water-temperature changes are driven by projected climatic changes. However, land-use scenarios can significantly affect suspended-sediment and nutrient concentrations, with this effect varying across catchments. The results have been embedded in a web-based dashboard to enable stakeholders to easily access the dataset of interest to them. Presented at AOGS 2026, Fukuoka, Japan --- ### Future Flood Hazards in Nepal: Projecting Magnitude Changes and Targeting Nature-based Mitigation. **Location/Event:** AOGS **Date:** 2026-08-05 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-08-05-AOGS-Nepal Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Callum Pearson Sim Reaney, Ivo Pink and Callum Pearson Flood impacts in Nepal are increasing, and are projected to intensify under climate-change over the 21st century. To help mitigate this increased hazard, two of the key questions are ‘how much will the flood magnitude and frequency change?’ and ‘If we are to use catchment-based mitigation approaches, including nature-based solutions, where in the catchment should they be implemented?’ We present the results of simulation modelling in the Karnali catchment and flood-source risk mapping in the East-Rapti. Within the Karnali catchment, we used the SPHY hydrological model, coupled with 12 CMIP6 GCM ensemble members, to simulate changes in flood magnitude and frequency. This modelling was undertaken within a GLUE-based uncertainty-estimation framework. Within the East-Rapti, we mapped the most likely effective locations for implementing nature-based solutions with SCIMAP-Flood. This tool is based on catchment connectivity, land-use, rainfall patterns, and floodwater travel times to the impacted communities. The simulations for the Kanali catchment show a projected increase in the 1% annual exceedance probability flood magnitude of + 40% (P10/90: 33/48%) (medium-emissions) and + 79% (P10/90: 54/82%) (high-emissions) for 2060–2099, with rainfall-runoff contributing ≥ 90% of the additional flood water, as opposed to groundwater or glacial-melt. For the East-Rapti catchment, the SCIMAP-Flood results indicate that spatial targeting of mitigation measures in irrigated and rainfed agriculture, and the prevention of deforestation or the removal of shrubland, would be the most effective approaches. If these actions were in the upper catchment above Hetauda, or upstream of Manahari, they would have the most effective reduction in the flood peak. Overall, these tools improve our understanding of the flood hazard generation by quantifying changes in flood magnitudes and frequencies, analysing the contributions of runoff components, and mapping the critical source areas of floodwater generation. When combined, they can provide effective measures for developing flood risk management strategies. Presented at AOGS 2026, Fukuoka, Japan --- ### Die Identifizierung von Hochwasserherkunftsgebieten anhand des Konnektivitätsmodels SCIMAP-Flood am Beispiel der Urft. **Location/Event:** Fünf Jahre nach der Flut 2021 – Forschungsperspektiven im Wandel **Date:** 2026-07-03 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-07-03-SCIMAP-Flood-Germany Dr. I. Pink and Prof. S.M.Reaney Dr. I. Pink and Prof. S.M.Reaney Die Berücksichtigung von hydrologischen Prozessen im aufwärtsgelegenen Einzugsgebiet von Risikogebieten hat in dem vergangenen Jahrzehnt in der Forschung verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit erhalten. Flussaufwärts gelegene Maßnahmen (z.B. Rückhaltebecken, Fluss-Renaturierung) sollen dabei Wasser speichern und den Abfluss verlangsamen, und somit die Abflussspitzen reduzieren. Ein zentraler Aspekt ist dabei die Identifizierung von kritischen Herkunftsgebieten, die überproportional zu den Abflussspitzen beitragen und in denen Maßnahmen die größte Wirkung entfalten würden. Ein Grundproblem bei der Identifizierung dieser Herkunftsgebiete ist, dass diese von Niederschlagseigenschaften (z.B. Dauer, Intensität, Richtung) beeinflusst werden und sich daher von Ereignis zu Ereignis ändern. Zudem verändern sich die kritischen Herkunftsgebiete im Flussverlauf, da sich die Hochwasserwellen in den Flüssen überlagern. Wir präsentieren in diesem Vortrag SCIMAP-Flood, ein Modell, das die Herkunftsgebiete von Hochwassern berechnet, und sowohl Niederschlagseigenschaften als auch die räumliche Variabilität berücksichtigt. Das Modell kombiniert die hydrologische Konnektivität auf der Einzugsgebietsebene und die Fließzeit zwischen dem Herkunfts- und Überflutungsgebieten. Wir zeigen anhand des Hochwassers 2021 der Urft, wie diese Informationen einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung von Hochwasserschutzkonzepten auf Einzugsgebietsebene leisten können. Konferenz: Fünf Jahre nach der Flut 2021 – Forschungsperspektiven im Wandel English Version Identifying Flood Source Areas Using the SCIMAP-Flood Connectivity Model: A Case Study of the Urft River In the past decade, research has increasingly focused on hydrological processes in upstream catchments of high-risk areas. Upstream measures (e.g., retention basins, river restoration) are designed to store water and slow down runoff, thereby reducing peak discharges. A key aspect of this approach is identifying critical source areas that contribute disproportionately to peak flows, where mitigation measures would have the greatest impact. A fundamental challenge in identifying these source areas is that they are influenced by precipitation characteristics (e.g., duration, intensity, direction) and therefore vary from event to event. Additionally, critical source areas change along the course of the river as flood waves superimpose within the river network. In this presentation, we introduce SCIMAP-Flood, a model that calculates flood source areas while accounting for both precipitation characteristics and spatial variability. The model combines catchment-scale hydrological connectivity with the travel time between the source and flooded areas. Using the 2021 flood of the Urft River as a case study, we demonstrate how this information can contribute to developing flood protection concepts at the catchment scale. Conference: Five Years After the 2021 Flood – Shifting Research Perspectives --- ### Catchment-Scale Changes in Runoff Dynamics Following Natural Flood Management Interventions **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2026-05-08 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-05-08-EGU-Catchment Julia L. A. Knapp, Anthony Jones, Sim M. Reaney, Ian Pattison, and Andrew Black Julia L. A. Knapp, Anthony Jones, Sim M. Reaney, Ian Pattison, and Andrew Black Natural Flood Management (NFM) interventions and nature-based solutions are increasingly advocated as sustainable flood-mitigation strategies, yet empirical evidence of their hydrological impact at the catchment scale remains limited. This study uses an ensemble approach to characterise runoff-response distributions, drawing on long-term observed data (2011–2023) from the Eddleston catchment in Scotland. Unlike event-focused approaches, this method synthesises system behaviour across diverse hydrometeorological conditions to identify “typical” responses under pre- and post-intervention states. Results from a small headwater catchment (2.3 km²) reveal statistically significant changes in runoff dynamics, including a delay in peak timing and a reduction in peak height after the installation of a series of leaky barriers. Comparable patterns in a larger catchment (34 km²), within which this smaller headwater catchment is nested, indicate that NFM effects extend beyond headwater sub-catchments. Ensemble-based summaries further highlight the dominant role of antecedent wetness in runoff generation, while also indicating increased infiltration and reduced runoff coefficients under high-flow conditions post-NFM installation. By integrating ensemble hydrograph separation and impulse-response analysis, this framework provides a transferable tool for assessing NFM effectiveness across multiple scales. Findings strengthen the evidence base for NFM design optimisation and policy integration, supporting long-term strategies for flood resilience. How to cite: Knapp, J. L. A., Jones, A., Reaney, S. M., Pattison, I., and Black, A.: Catchment-Scale Changes in Runoff Dynamics Following Natural Flood Management Interventions, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-19814, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-19814, 2026. --- ### Using Space-Time Image Velocimetry to assess characteristics of flow through full-scale leaky dams for flood hazard reduction **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2026-05-07 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-05-07-EGU-STIV Anthony Jones, Julia Knapp, and Sim Reaney Anthony Jones, Julia Knapp, and Sim Reaney Leaky dams are an in-channel nature-based solution and a natural flood management intervention constructed in headwater streams to reduce runoff rates and attenuate flood peaks. Despite their widespread implementation, their hydraulic performance under high-flow conditions remains poorly constrained due to a lack of high-resolution observations when dams are actively storing floodwater. This lack of detailed performance characterisation is a barrier to uptake, particularly among the engineering community that designs flood mitigation schemes. This study presents the first application of Space-Time Image Velocimetry (STIV) to quantify surface flow velocities upstream and downstream of channel-spanning (≥4 m wide) leaky dams under controlled, repeatable high-flow conditions. Experiments were conducted along a 170 m white water rafting course, providing an intermediary setting between laboratory flumes and natural catchments that enables controlled flows. Three channel-spanning leaky dams were installed in sequence and tested using both natural (pine log) and engineered (pre-cut commercial timber) designs with systematically varied degrees of leakiness. Drone-based imagery was analysed using STIV to derive spatially distributed surface velocities, which were coupled with a maximum entropy method to estimate discharge. Results demonstrate that dam leakiness is the dominant control on both upstream and downstream flow velocities. Velocities upstream of the dams decreased linearly with reduced leakiness (R² up to 0.97), while velocities downstream of the dams increased due to flow acceleration through dam gaps, revealing a clear trade-off between upstream flow attenuation and downstream jet strength. When arranged in sequence, leaky dams produced a cumulative reach-scale effect, with mean upstream velocities decreasing by approximately 0.15 m s⁻¹ per dam along the experimental reach. A full-scale partial dam failure was also captured, showing a rapid increase in downstream velocity and highlighting the transient residual flood risk associated with structural compromise. These findings provide new empirical insights into the hydraulic functioning, cumulative effects, and failure behaviour of leaky dams, while demonstrating the value of STIV as a non-invasive tool for monitoring these interventions under high-flow conditions. How to cite: Jones, A., Knapp, J., and Reaney, S.: Using Space-Time Image Velocimetry to assess characteristics of flow through full-scale leaky dams for flood hazard reduction, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-10434, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10434, 2026. --- ### Water Quality Responses to Floods and Droughts in the Context of Climate and Land Use Change **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2026-05-07 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-05-07-EGU-ECOMIX Ivo Pink, Sim M. Reaney, Martha L. Villamizar Velez, Alistair Boxall, and Aaron Neill Ivo Pink, Sim M. Reaney, Martha L. Villamizar Velez, Alistair Boxall, and Aaron Neill Anthropogenic pressures, including climate and land-use change, are expected to intensify hydrological extremes, such as floods and droughts, in many regions worldwide. These hydrological changes are likely to have cascading effects on water quality, affecting a range of stakeholders and the ecological health of the freshwater system. However, significant uncertainty exists in projections of future catchment-scale hydrological extremes and the resulting effect on different water quality parameters. In this study, we assess potential future changes in hydrological extremes and associated water quality responses across five hydrologically diverse catchments in Yorkshire, UK. Climate forcing is derived from 12 UK Climate Projections (UKCP) regional climate models at the highest available spatial resolution of 2.2 km. To account for socio-environmental change, three contrasting land use scenarios are considered, ranging from a sustainable transition (SSP1-2.6) to fossil-fuelled industrialisation (SSP5-8.5). The integrated hydrological and water quality model ‘HYdrological Predictions for the Environment’ (HYPE) is applied within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) framework to predict hydrological droughts and floods and the water quality response for an ensemble of climate and land use projections. In this talk, we first present how both hydrological droughts and floods are projected to change under future climate and land-use scenarios. We then show how water quality parameters (water temperature, suspended sediments, nitrogen, phosphorus) change during these extreme events. Lastly, we quantify how spatio-temporal uncertainty in climate, land use and HYPE parameterisation propagate through to the simulated flow and water quality parameters. How to cite: Pink, I., Reaney, S. M., Villamizar Velez, M. L., Boxall, A., and Neill, A.: Water Quality Responses to Floods and Droughts in the Context of Climate and Land Use Change. , EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-19081, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-19081, 2026. --- ### Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2026-05-07 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2026-05-07-EGU-Goldrill Matthew Perks, Nick Barber, George Heritage, Jess Knaggs, Sim Reaney, Hannah Runeckles, Neil Williams, Duncan Wishart, and Rebecca Powell Matthew Perks, Nick Barber, George Heritage, Jess Knaggs, Sim Reaney, Hannah Runeckles, Neil Williams, Duncan Wishart, and Rebecca Powell Channel realignment and floodplain reconnection are increasingly used as nature-based solutions for flood management, yet their hydraulic effects remain poorly quantified in field settings. This study examines the impact of such interventions on hydraulic response in a headwater catchment, Goldrill Beck, Cumbria, UK. Here, 1-km of a historically engineered and confined single-thread channel was restored to a more geomorphically complex system. Using a combination of hydrological observational data spanning pre- and post-realignment conditions and two-dimensional hydraulic modeling (LISFLOOD-FP), changes in key hydraulic metrics (flood wave transmission and celerity, reach-scale hysteresis, and peak flow attenuation) were assessed. Results indicate that realignment increased flood wave travel time (median transmission time increased from 15 to 40 min), reduced flow celerity, and altered hysteresis patterns, suggesting enhanced in-channel and floodplain storage under low to intermediate flow conditions. Realignment also improved the diversity of flow biotopes and aquatic habitats, whilst increasing the wetted area by 47%. However, during more extreme events, transmission times decreased, and peak discharge was slightly elevated, highlighting limitations in attenuation potential for large floods. The findings contribute to the evidence base for renaturalisation of watercourses for flood mitigation, emphasizing the role of valley morphometry, channel morphology, and floodplain roughness in influencing hydraulic responses. How to cite: Perks, M., Barber, N., Heritage, G., Knaggs, J., Reaney, S., Runeckles, H., Williams, N., Wishart, D., and Powell, R.: Hydraulic effects of channel realignment and floodplain reconnection in a headwater stream, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-19914, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-19914, 2026. --- ### How “leaky” should a leaky dam be? Insights from physical modelling at a white-water rafting course **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2025-04-30 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2025-04-30-talk-EGU-Leakey Anthony Jones 1, Julia Knapp 1, Sim Reaney 2, and Ian Pattison 31 Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom (anthony.d.jones@durham.ac.uk)2 Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom3 School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom Anthony Jones 1, Julia Knapp 1, Sim Reaney 2, and Ian Pattison 3 1 Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, United Kingdom (anthony.d.jones@durham.ac.uk) 2 Department of Geography, Durham University, United Kingdom 3 School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom Leaky dams, particularly those constructed from large woody material, are increasingly implemented in headwater streams to reduce runoff rates by enhancing channel roughness, slowing flow velocities, and creating temporary water storage during high-flow events to desynchronise flood peaks within catchments. Despite significant progress in modelling the hydraulic and hydrological effects of leaky dams through flume experiments and field studies, design guidance for the construction of leaky dams still needs to be improved. A key challenge in optimising designs is the limited availability of high-resolution pre- and post-intervention data in the field, particularly for extreme flood events, which constrains systematic evaluations of leaky dam performance. Enhanced observational studies are critical to validate the effectiveness of leaky dams and refine design strategies. This study presents a controlled field experiment conducted at the Tees Barrage International White Water Centre, Stockton, UK, utilising a 300-meter white water rafting course to simulate flow events and evaluate the performance of three leaky dams under a range of flow conditions (up to 8.8 m³/s). Two dam designs were tested: (1) engineered dams constructed from pre-cut commercial timbers with consistent dimensions and (2) natural dams made from locally sourced pine timbers. The “leakiness” of the dams was systematically varied by adjusting timber spacings in increments of 10 mm to 100 mm. Results demonstrate that both leaky dam designs effectively delayed flood peaks compared to the no-dam scenario. Engineered dams outperformed natural dams, delivering greater flood peak delays with better control of cross-sectional blockage. Smaller timber spacings further enhanced peak delays, with engineered dams achieving a 345-second delay and natural dams a 219-second delay relative to the no-dam scenario. Additionally, the study highlights the likely impact of debris accumulation over time on dam performance. This research underscores the value of controlled artificial channels for generating precise, repeatable data on leaky dam performance under extreme flow conditions and provides a high-resolution dataset for in-channel hydrodynamic modelling. The findings advocate for further design-focused testing to optimise leaky dam configurations for improved flood mitigation, offering valuable insights for practitioners and researchers. How to cite: Jones, A., Knapp, J., Reaney, S., and Pattison, I.: How “leaky” should a leaky dam be? Insights from physical modelling at a white-water rafting course, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-720, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-720, 2025. --- ### Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification of Central Himalayan Rivers **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2025-04-29 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2025-04-29-talk-EGU-floodNepal Ivo Pink, Sim Reaney, Isabella Bovolo, and Richard HardyDurham University, Department of Geography, Durham, United Kingdom (ivopink2@gmail.com) Ivo Pink, Sim Reaney, Isabella Bovolo, and Richard Hardy Durham University, Department of Geography, Durham, United Kingdom (ivopink2@gmail.com) The development of flood adaptation and mitigation strategies to climatic changes requires frameworks to predict potential future design floods (e.g. the 1% Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)) and their associated uncertainty. We present a modelling framework that predicts potential future flood hazards from probabilistic climate scenarios. The framework assesses the drivers of change and the predictive uncertainty and is implemented for the Central Himalayan Karnali River. The modelling framework applies a continuous hydrological model within a Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) with climate projections of the latest generation of climate models (12 CMIP6 models). We then conduct a Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) to estimate the probabilities of extreme flows and use a bootstrapping approach to estimate the uncertainty related to the internal variability. We project an intensification of flood hazards with time and emissions. The 1% AEP flood magnitude is projected to increase by 23% (medium-emission scenario SSP245) and 26% (high-emission scenario SSP585) in the near-future (2020 – 2059), and by 40% (SSP245) and 79% (SSP585) in the far-future (2060 – 2099) compared to the baseline period (1975 – 2014). Consequently, the flood magnitude of the baseline 1% AEP event is projected to occur once every 11 years (SSP245) and 3 years (SSP585) in the far-future. This intensification is to >90% driven by rainfall-runoff increases and is, thus, attributed to changes in the precipitation characteristics. The baseflow and glacier melt contributions remain similar while snowmelt contributions decrease due to an earlier onset of the melting season. We analyse the standard deviation (SD) to assess the uncertainty contribution of the modelling components. The hydrological model is a main source of uncertainty, but its contribution is independent of time, emissions and event frequency (SD: 21 – 24%). The uncertainty related to the climate projections increases with time and emissions from 14 – 18% in the baseline period to 22 – 28% (SSP245) and 29 – 32% (SSP585) in the far-future. The uncertainty introduced by the FFA is generally independent of time and emissions and increases with the event frequency from 8-9% for the 10% AEP event to 11 – 16% for the 1% AEP event. However, we detect that the uncertainty increases with the increasing flow difference between the rarest and more frequent events and is, thus, sensitive towards the projected precipitation extremes. We conclude that flood hazards intensify with GHG emissions in the Central Himalayan River system because of changes in the monsoon precipitation characteristics. The projections of potential future hazards to guide flood adaptation and mitigation strategies need to consider the uncertainty in the climate projections, the internal variability, and the hydrological simulations. How to cite: Pink, I., Reaney, S., Bovolo, I., and Hardy, R.: Increased rainfall-runoff drives flood hazard intensification of Central Himalayan Rivers, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-10581, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-10581, 2025. --- ### Identifying the source of anthropic pressures on in-stream benthic algae communities within the River Eden catchment, UK **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2025-04-29 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2025-04-17-talk-EGU-SCIMAP-diatoms Sim Reaney 1,2, Maria Snell 3, and Philip Barker 31 Durham University, Department of Geography, Durham, UK (sim.reaney@durham.ac.uk)2 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK3 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK Sim Reaney 1,2, Maria Snell 3, and Philip Barker 3 1 Durham University, Department of Geography, Durham, UK (sim.reaney@durham.ac.uk) 2 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK 3 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK Declines in riverine biodiversity are impacted by catchment connectivity to potential nutrient sources. Many studies have focused on biodiversity as a direct expression of instream attributes, thus neglecting the critical role of catchment connectivity to the river network as key determinants of biodiversity. To protect and restore the ecological integrity and wider ecosystem function of riverine systems, the spatial connectivity of the stream networks to their catchments must be considered in mitigation measures. Given their extent and high connectivity with the surrounding landscape, low-order streams are particularly vulnerable to land-use pressures and demonstrate high sensitivity to nutrients (N and P), impacting the composition and seasonally persistence of benthic algal communities. Here, we utilise the Sensitive Catchment Integrated Mapping Analysis Platform (SCIMAP) to explore the spatial risk to land-use-driven nutrient pollutant pressures across the River Eden (NW England) catchment.Our results show that the potential source areas for the examined pollutants are in specific locations in the catchment. Therefore, the most effective locations for management measures will differ for different pollutant or ecological endpoints. This means that the Programme of Measures under the Water Framework Directive requires the integration of multiple lines of ecological evidence at the appropriate spatiotemporal scales. We demonstrate that this approach can guide prediction on instream ecological status and identify spatial sources, thus providing a more quantitatively transparent and accurate risk assessment for catchment management and mitigation How to cite: Reaney, S., Snell, M., and Barker, P.: Identifying the source of anthropic pressures on in-stream benthic algae communities within the River Eden catchment, UK, EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 27 Apr–2 May 2025, EGU25-11654, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-11654, 2025. --- ### How 'Leaky' Should a Leaky Dam Be? **Location/Event:** River Restoration Centre Conference **Date:** 2025-04-02 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2025-04-01-talk-RRC-Leaky A. D. Jones (Durham University), J. L. A. Knapp (Durham University), S. M. Reaney (Durham University), I. Pattison (Heriot Watt) A. D. Jones (Durham University), J. L. A. Knapp (Durham University), S. M. Reaney (Durham University), I. Pattison (Heriot Watt) Leaky dams made from large woody material are increasingly used as natural flood management (NFM) interventions. This study, conducted at the Tees Barrage International White Water Centre, used a 300m controlled white water course to simulate low and high-flow flood events, assessing the effectiveness of engineered and natural leaky dams. Using high-resolution hydrodynamic instrumentation, we tested two dam types: engineered dams constructed from commercial timbers and natural dams from locally sourced pine. The “leakiness” of each dam was adjusted to evaluate flood delay and peak storage relative to a no-dam control scenario. Engineered dams provided superior water storage, and reduced timber spacing further increased flood delay, with engineered designs generally outperforming natural ones. This study highlights the potential of optimized leaky dam designs to improve flood mitigation, supporting NFM strategies under varied flow conditions. --- ### Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments **Location/Event:** SETAC **Date:** 2024-05-02 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2023-05-02-talk-SETAC-Pharama Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) 1 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK 2 Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 3 Environment Agency, Bristol, UK The near ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental waters represents an emerging cause for concern, but gaps remain in our understanding of how human and veterinary pharmaceuticals enter and travel through river catchments. A more holistic approach is needed in order to develop effective management strategies that conform to the catchment-based approach, although this is complicated by the patchy nature of available monitoring data for river water and by the significant seasonal variation in concentrations which makes comparisons even within datasets tenuous. Here, an exploration of pharmaceutical concentrations across the Aire catchment in the UK aims to provide insight into how the underlying connectivity of the catchment system, conceptualized as a source-pathway-receptor model, may determine observed patterns of contamination. To account for temporal variations of inputs and flow, samples collected on two separate occasions (corresponding to low and high flow conditions, respectively) were used to create two spatial snapshots for contamination with nine representative compounds. The snapshots were then used to explore spatial patterns in the catchment and what factors – topographic, physicochemical, or related to potential sources and pathways for pharmaceutical pollution – may influence them. For the first snapshot, conducted in low flow conditions, none of the locations had concentrations above the limit of detection for five of the nine target analytes (Atenolol, Diclofenac, Erythomycin, Iopromide and Sulphadiazine). Results for the detected compounds have emphasized the difference in spatial patterns based on use category: as opposed to the veterinary use compound (Cypermethrin), the human use compounds (Carbamazepine, Lidocaine and Sucralose) showed significant correlation to contributing area, as well as to population served by the wastewater treatment plants upstream of the sampling sites and corresponding estimates for amounts of prescribed active ingredient. Sucralose also produced strong correlations to Carbamazepine and Lidocaine, supporting its use as a proxy for contamination with human pharmaceuticals, alongside the more frequently cited Carbamazepine. Ultimately, this research will inform the development of a graph representation of the system, used to assess the relative contribution of different pathways as they connect to the river channel and to inform as to the best intervention points within the catchment. How to cite: Costescu, J., Bracken, L., Turnbull-Lloyd, L., Reaney, S., and Crilly, D. 2023: Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments, SETAC Europe 33rd Annual Meeting, Dublin, Ireland, 30 Apr - 4th May 2023, 3.13.P-We131 --- ### Opportunity mapping for nature-based solutions for flood hazard reduction and water quality improvements with the SCIMAP toolkit **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2024-04-17 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2024-04-17-talk-EGU-SCIMAP-Flood Sim ReaneyDepartment of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. Sim Reaney Department of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. Nature-based solutions have the capability to slow and store water during storm events, leading to the attenuation of flood peaks and the capturing of sediments and associated nutrients. These features can also provide important habitats for wildlife and pollinators. However, these features do take land that may be agriculturally productive and require maintenance, both factors mean that they have potentially significant ongoing costs. Therefore, it is important to ensure that they are effective and correctly located within the landscape. For all pressures, the location needs to be in a location where the problems are likely to originate. However, for flood waters, it is important to target locations that are likely to contribute to moving water out of the flood peak and into the receding limb of the hydrograph, rather than moving water from the rising limb into the peak. It is also important not to move water from the peak discharge of one community into the peak discharge of another. Therefore, careful analysis and planning are needed to ensure that the benefits from the nature-based solutions are maximised for all in the catchment. The SCIMAP Toolkit provide an approach to assess the potential source area of flood waters, sediments, nutrients and FIOs and to ensure that the multiple benefits of the nature-based solution are realised. The toolkit uses a reduced complexity approach to map the generational of rapid runoff, the mobilisation of material and connectivity to the receiving waters. The SCIMAP-Flood module then considers the travel times to the impact points within the catchment, such as a community or key infrastructure. This analysis is undertaken in a time-integrated way such that the potential benefits of a nature-based solution are optimised over a range of storms rather than fitting to the unique dynamics of a past event. The analysis is undertaken at landscape extent with sub-field detail, normally at a ground resolution of 1m with the catchment extent covering 1000s of km2. This presentation shows the application of the SCIMAP approach to the spatial targeting of flood mitigation features and how these locations can co-deliver water quality benefits. How to cite: Reaney, S. 2024: Opportunity mapping for nature-based solutions for flood hazard reduction and water quality improvements with the SCIMAP toolkit, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-18566, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-18566. --- ### The effect of land surface characteristics on runoff generation and nitrate fluxes from a Kenyan tea plantation **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2024-04-17 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2024-04-17-talk-EGU-KenyaTea Aaron Neill (1), Suzanne Jacobs (2), Lutz Breuer (3), and Sim Reaney (4)1 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom (aaron.james.neill@gmail.com)2 Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.3 Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.4 Department of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. Aaron Neill (1), Suzanne Jacobs (2), Lutz Breuer (3), and Sim Reaney (4) 1 Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom (aaron.james.neill@gmail.com) 2 Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. 3 Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. 4 Department of Geography & Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom. The conversion of tropical montane forests to commercial plantation agriculture affects both the generation of runoff and nutrient water quality, degrading ecosystem service delivery and impacting downstream freshwater environments. Previous empirical studies have inferred that changes to nitrate dynamics at the catchment scale likely reflect the interplay of local topography and climate, crop characteristics (e.g., type and density), fertiliser usage and soil management practices. However, the relative importance of such factors is not well understood. Through the 20th century, the Mau Forest Complex in Kenya experienced dynamic and rapid land use change, including the conversion of pristine forest to commercial tea and tree plantations. Utilising a unique long-term (2015-2021), high-resolution (10-minute) discharge and nitrate dataset collected for such a plantation (33.3 km2), we developed a simple, semi-distributed conceptual model to disentangle the drivers of runoff generation and nitrate fluxes. Insights from weekly stable water isotope data helped to further constrain simulated flow paths. The model represented the main land surfaces of the plantation (tea, eucalyptus, compacted tracks, and impervious and built surfaces) as a set of conceptual stores. Rainfall inputs were weighted by the proportional area of each surface and, where relevant, fertiliser inputs were estimated based on application rates reported in the literature. Lateral water and nitrate fluxes from each conceptual store to the river were delayed and transformed as a function of the mean distance to the river and slope gradient. The available long-term data combined with the structure of the model allowed the relative contribution of each land surface to runoff and nitrate fluxes to be successfully simulated under a range of local hydroclimatic conditions. These insights provide a valuable knowledge base for optimising fertiliser use and implementing mitigation measures to sustain water quality and ecosystem service delivery under conditions of expanding plantation agriculture. How to cite: Neill, A., Jacobs, S., Breuer, L., and Reaney, S. 2024: The effect of land surface characteristics on runoff generation and nitrate fluxes from a Kenyan tea plantation, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-16580, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-16580. --- ### Climate storminess as a driver of surface processes and a limiting factor for topographic responses to rock uplift **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2024-04-17 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2024-04-17-talk-EGU-ChileSediment Rebekah Harries (1), Sim Reaney (1), Germán Aguilar (2), and Linda Kirstein (3) Rebekah Harries (1), Sim Reaney (1), Germán Aguilar (2), and Linda Kirstein (3) 1 Durham University, Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, UK 2 Universidad de Chile, Advanced Mining Technology Center, Santiago, Chile 3 University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, School of Geosciences, UK In the south-central Andes, a long-term persistent pattern in climate aridity has been linked to sediment storage in mountain valleys and the resultant delaying of river steepening in response to rock uplift over millennia. This conceptual model implies that the landscape has a long-term trajectory for sediment export that may be sped up or slowed down by projected climate change. With this framing, we seek to investigate how changes in precipitation patterns and discharge regimes impact the transient evolution of a semi-arid, post glacial landscape and its physical processes. Changes in precipitation patterns and discharge regimes are understood to drive substrate erosion, sediment transport and changes in channel patterns and dimensions. They also alter vegetation, weathering regimes and catchment morphologies that influence sediment supply and slope-channel coupling. Using field data, we investigate how a sequence of floods has driven the conveyance of sediment through a semi-arid, postglacial landscape. Along the Rio Teno in Central Chile, we quantify changes in vertical bed structure, bed surface grain size, clast lithology, river morphology and slope-channel connectivity in March 2021 and again following an extreme and a large flood event in 2023. Our findings highlight the importance of including the full range of flood magnitudes that exceed critical entrainment thresholds in models of sediment export and landscape evolution. While extreme events do significant work in redistributing sediment within a catchment, it is the higher frequency, lower magnitude events and snowmelt cycles that evacuate sediment and reset base levels. In the context of climate change, a hydroclimate dominated by extreme floods in this landscape would likely result in greater sediment export from postglacial upper reaches, sediment storage within valleys in mid-reaches and lateral erosion and sediment export along the lowest reaches. This potential change has significant implications for understanding the fate of mountain landscapes and their human populations over the next century. How to cite: Harries, R., Reaney, S., Aguilar, G., and Kirstein, L. 2024: Climate storminess as a driver of surface processes and a limiting factor for topographic responses to rock uplift, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-20314, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20314. --- ### Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2024-04-17 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2023-04-26-talk-EGU-Pharama Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) Julia Costescu (1), Louise Bracken (2), Laura Turnbull-Lloyd (1), Sim Reaney (1), and Damian Crilly (3) 1 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK 2 Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 3 Environment Agency, Bristol, UK The near ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutical compounds in environmental waters represents an emerging cause for concern, but gaps remain in our understanding of how human and veterinary pharmaceuticals enter and travel through river catchments. A more holistic approach is needed in order to develop effective management strategies that conform to the catchment-based approach, although this is complicated by the patchy nature of available monitoring data for river water and by the significant seasonal variation in concentrations which makes comparisons even within datasets tenuous. Here, an exploration of pharmaceutical concentrations across the Aire catchment in the UK aims to provide insight into how the underlying connectivity of the catchment system, conceptualized as a source-pathway-receptor model, may determine observed patterns of contamination. To account for temporal variations of inputs and flow, samples collected on two separate occasions (corresponding to low and high flow conditions, respectively) were used to create two spatial snapshots for contamination with nine representative compounds. The snapshots were then used to explore spatial patterns in the catchment and what factors – topographic, physico-chemical, or related to potential sources and pathways for pharmaceutical pollution – may influence them. For the first snapshot, conducted in low flow conditions, none of the locations had concentrations above the limit of detection for five of the nine target analytes (Atenolol, Diclofenac, Erythomycin, Iopromide and Sulphadiazine). Results for the detected compounds have emphasized the difference in spatial patterns based on use category: as opposed to the veterinary use compound (Cypermethrin), the human use compounds (Carbamazepine, Lidocaine and Sucralose) showed significant correlation to contributing area, as well as to population served by the wastewater treatment plants upstream of the sampling sites and corresponding estimates for amounts of prescribed active ingredient. Sucralose also produced strong correlations to Carbamazepine and Lidocaine, supporting its use as a proxy for contamination with human pharmaceuticals, alongside the more frequently cited Carbamazepine. Ultimately, this research will inform the development of a graph representation of the system, used to assess the relative contribution of different pathways as they connect to the river channel and to inform as to the best intervention points within the catchment. How to cite: Costescu, J., Bracken, L., Turnbull-Lloyd, L., Reaney, S., and Crilly, D. 2023: Understanding the connectivity of pharmaceutical pollution in river catchments, EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24–28 Apr 2023, EGU23-17381, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-17381. --- ### Managing Floods (and other) Risks **Location/Event:** IHRR Annual Conference **Date:** 2020-10-13 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2020-10-13-talk-IHRR-Floods --- ### The SCIMAP Toolkit: Sediment, Nutrients and FIOs **Location/Event:** Catchment Data User Group Meeting 2020 **Date:** 2020-07-21 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2020-07-21-talk-CDUG-SCIMAP --- ### Catchment scale flood management through spatial targeting: a case study of the East Rapti catchment, Nepal **Location/Event:** AGU **Date:** 2019-12-09 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2019-12-09-talk-AGU-NepalFlooding Callum Pearson, Sim M Reaney, Nick J Rosser and Andy R Large Callum Pearson, Sim M Reaney, Nick J Rosser and Andy R Large Practical approaches for managing flood hazards are moving away from mitigation solely at the point of the impact, and towards an integrated catchment management approach which considers flood source areas, flow pathways of flood waters and impacted communities. Our three stage approach acknowledges this and, through developing understanding of the spatial and temporal complexity of flood events at the catchment scale, tests sustainable flood management solutions. Our approach adopts SCIMAP-Flood, a catchment scale decision support framework that has the advantage in these remote areas of only requiring limited data input. SCIMAP-Flood identifies critical source areas for flood waters using a combination of mapping flood water generation areas based on spatial rainfall patterns and land cover, the incorporation of travel times across a catchment, and modelling of hydrological connectivity. Outputs are used to create catchment scale flood management scenarios which target flood source areas. These scenarios are then tested using CRUM3, a physically-based, spatially distributed, catchment scale hydrological model. Sustainable flood management measures including targeted afforestation and abandoned terrace restoration are implemented in the areas identified as floodwater generating. The impact of the flood management measures can be evaluated throughout the catchment using the modelled change in discharge. The final stage uses LISFLOOD-FP, a 2D flood inundation model, to establish the flood extent at key areas within the catchment from the created flood management scenarios. At this stage cost-benefit analysis of a given scenario can be undertaken with the potential impact on the flooded community fully understood. The approach has been applied to East Rapti catchment in Nepal. The 3,084 km2 catchment is representative of a typical medium-sized Nepalese catchment with monsoonal flood waters originating in the mountainous regions impacting on the more densely populated Terai plains to the south. The research identifies locations where flood management measures would be optimum to get positive effects in multiple flood impacted areas across the catchment. Based on the combined modelling approach, we propose strategies to reduce dependency on hard engineering solutions for flood protection. --- ### Use of Remote Sensing techniques and drones in mapping potential areas for managed aquifer recharge **Location/Event:** University of Botswana **Date:** 2019-07-09 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2019-07-09-talk-1 This talk gave an overview of an integrated work flow to assess the performance of check dams for aquifer recharge. The approach uses 2D hydraulic modelling coupled with fine resolution topographic data captured from aerial imagery. This talk gave an overview of an integrated work flow to assess the performance of check dams for aquifer recharge. The approach uses 2D hydraulic modelling coupled with fine resolution topographic data captured from aerial imagery. --- ### The identification of sediment and connectivity patterns to map critical source areas across scales for effective mitigation of diffuse sediment pollution **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2019-04-09 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2019-12-09-talk-EGU-PhonesAndDrones Sim Reaney, Eleanor Mackay, Phil Haygarth, and Claire Benskin Sim Reaney, Eleanor Mackay, Phil Haygarth, and Claire Benskin Diffuse pollution from agriculture constitutes a key pressure on the water quality of freshwaters and is frequently the cause of ecological degradation. The problem of diffuse pollution can be conceptualised with a source – mobilisation - pathway (or delivery) - impact model, whereby the combination of high source risk and strong sediment connectivity and connected pathways leads to ‘critical source areas’ (CSAs). These areas are where most sediment diffuse pollution will originate, and hence are the optimal places to implement mitigation measures. However, identifying the locations of these areas is a key problem across different spatial scales within catchments. We evaluate the sediment sources, connectivity patterns and CSAs identified by and the benefits and disadvantages of traditional walkover surveys supported by a custom smartphone app; a desktop geographic information system (GIS) using the terrain analysis-based SCIMAP approach; and the use of a high spatial resolution drone dataset as an improved input data for SCIMAP mapping. Each of these methods predicts the locations of the CSAs, revealing similarities and differences in the prioritisation of CSA features. The differences in the CSA locations are due to the temporal and spatial resolution of the different methods such as the use of static land cover information, the ability to capture small scale features, such as gateways and the incomplete catchment coverage of the walkover survey. The relative costs and output resolutions of the different methods indicates that they are suitable for application at different catchment scales in conjunction with other methods. Based on the results in this work, it is recommended that a multi-evidence-based approach to diffuse pollution management is taken across different catchment spatial scales, incorporating local knowledge from the walkover with the different data resolutions of the SCIMAP approach. --- ### Catchment scale flood management using SCIMAP-Flood: Spatial targeting of flood hazard reduction measures in the East Rapti catchment, Nepal **Location/Event:** EGU **Date:** 2019-04-09 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2019-12-09-talk-EGU-NeplaSCIMAPFlood Callum Pearson, Sim M. Reaney, Nick J. Rosser, Andrew R.G. Large, Matthew T. Perks, andBorbála Hortobágyi Callum Pearson, Sim M. Reaney, Nick J. Rosser, Andrew R.G. Large, Matthew T. Perks, and Borbála Hortobágyi Practical approaches for managing flood hazards are moving from mitigation solely at the point of the impact, and towards an integrated catchment management approach which considers the source areas, flow pathways of flood waters and the impacted communities. However, there is uncertainty associated with providing catchment scale solutions which is primarily a function of spatial and temporal variability in patterns of rainfall, land cover, and hydrological connectivity across a catchment. These factors mean that flood waters are not produced in a homogenous way from one event to the next, resulting in a distribution of travel times to points of impact, such as towns and key infrastructure. There must also be careful consideration of the potential for a reduction in the flood hazard in one sub-catchment to increase the hazard elsewhere due to tributary timing and synchronisation. Our approach acknowledges and works with spatial and temporal complexity of flood events at the catchment scale to test the variability of a range of storm events, which when evaluated collectively can help guide potential management solutions. This is achieved through the adoption of SCIMAP-Flood, a decision support framework that works at the catchment scale. SCIMAP-Flood identifies critical source areas for flood waters using a combination of mapping flood water generation areas based on spatial rainfall patterns and land cover, the incorporation of transmission times across a catchment, and modelling of hydrological connectivity. The framework requires limited data input (rainfall pattern, land cover, and topographic elevation), and can be applied to catchments with limited resources using global, regional and local datasets. The simplicity and spatially detailed characteristics of the SCIMAP-Flood outputs can be used by a variety of stakeholders to aid process understanding across a catchment and to identify areas that are most likely to generate flood waters during a storm event. Accordingly, the SCIMAP-Flood output can be utilised to create catchment scale flood management scenarios which spatially target areas generating flood water. The success of these scenarios can also be tested using a physically-based, spatially distributed, hydrological model. The SCIMAP-Flood framework has been applied to East Rapti catchment in Nepal. The 3,084 km2 catchment, located to the south-west of Kathmandu, is representative of a typical medium-sized Nepalese catchment with the monsoonal flood waters originating in the mountainous regions and impacting on the more densely populated Terai plains. The approach has been calibrated and tested against the flood extent from the 2017 monsoon. The approach has estimated peak flood discharges across the catchment with a variety of techniques including remote sensing, gauging and discharge estimation. The presented SCIMAP-Flood output for the East Rapti catchment identifies locations where flood management measures would be most suitable by having a positive effect at the multiple impact zones across the catchment. If these practices are adopted, this may reduce the dependency upon hard engineering solutions as protection from flooding. --- ### Modelling and using structural and functional connectivity **Location/Event:** University of Palermo **Date:** 2018-03-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2018-03-01-talk-ConnectEUR The understanding of hydrological connectivity is often broken down into two distinct types: functional and structural (see Bracken et al 2013). Functional connectivity refers to the dynamic feedbacks that occur within the short timescale of storm events, such as surface flow dynamics and erosion – deposition of the soil surface. Structural connectivity refers to the controls that the fixed characteristics of the environment, for example, landscape topography and vegetation pattern, have on the strength of the connectivity over long time scales. This paper presents how both functional and structural connectivity can be modelled and examples of how the structural connectivity approach has been used as a key dataset within a spatial decision support system. The understanding of hydrological connectivity is often broken down into two distinct types: functional and structural (see Bracken et al 2013). Functional connectivity refers to the dynamic feedbacks that occur within the short timescale of storm events, such as surface flow dynamics and erosion – deposition of the soil surface. Structural connectivity refers to the controls that the fixed characteristics of the environment, for example, landscape topography and vegetation pattern, have on the strength of the connectivity over long time scales. This paper presents how both functional and structural connectivity can be modelled and examples of how the structural connectivity approach has been used as a key dataset within a spatial decision support system. An approach to the representation of the structural, time integrated, hydrological and sediment connectivity is the Network Index (Lane et al. 2004). This connectivity index is derived from the analysis of a detailed digital elevation model (DEM), normally either NextMap or Lidar based dataset. The analysis is made up to two steps: Firstly, the propensity for runoff generation at each point in the landscape is calculated using the topographic wetness index (Beven and Kirkby, 1979). This calculation determines the wetness and runoff generation characteristics for each point in the landscape as a function of the upslope contributing area and the local slope gradient. The second step uses a flow path tracing algorithm to analyse the runoff transmission characteristics of the points on the downslope flow path to the river or lake. This flow tracing determines the landscape scale wetness required for each point to be capable of generating runoff and for there to be a connected pathway to the river or lake. This index gives the relative pattern of connectivity potential across the landscape. The relative pattern of connectivity potential can be converted into long-term probabilities of connection through the use of a fully distributed landscape scale catchment hydrological simulation model (Lane et al. 2009). The CRUM3 model was used to simulate the soil moisture patterns and at each model temporal iteration (between every 50 seconds and every six hours depending on rainfall), the connected areas were calculated using the network index approach. These connections were processed to give the average amount of time each location was connected to the river channel for. These values can then be related to the network index to enable prediction of connection potentials based on the computationally efficient DEM analysis rather than the time consuming hydrological model which takes on the order of 1,000,000x longer to compute. The Network Index has been integrated in to a decision support tool for the identification of the potential source areas of diffuse pollution, SCIMAP (Reaney et al. 2011). The SCIMAP tool uses a combination of the hydrological connectivity, the spatial pattern of sediment risk and an observed pattern of sediment concentrations. The approach has been applied to consider the impacts of diffuse pollution on in-stream ecology using salmon and trout as indicators (Reaney et al. 2011) and on geochemicals using nitrogen and phosphorus as the indicators (Milledge et al. 2012). The SCIMAP tool is freely available as a library within an open source GIS system (SAGA GIS) and is also available as a web application (http://my.scimap.org.uk). The approach is widely used within the UK by both governmental (including the Environment Agency and Natural England) and third sector groups (including many individual Rivers Trusts and community groups). These organisations are using the SCIMAP tool to target where to undertake mitigation works, such as tree planting, the creation of buffer strips and land management modifications within their catchments, to reduce the diffuse pollution pressure and move the water bodies towards attaining Good Ecological Status under the Water Framework Directive. To simulate the temporally dynamic functional connectivity, a novel flow tracing algorithm was created based on software agents. The hydroAgent approach (Reaney 2008) traces the movement of 100,000’s of individual water molecules in response to a dynamically changing hydrological environment. The CRUM2D hydrological model (Reaney et al 2007) generated the environment and each individual hydroAgent makes its own decisions regarding its movement in response to the local hydrological conditions (the amount of water infiltrating, the flow speeds and the flow direction). This modelling approach is capable of predicting for river flow, where and when the water originally fell in the landscape as rainfall, how long it took to reach the river and the details of the flow path travelled along. This approach therefore gives a detailed insight into the functional connectivity of the water flows within the simulation model. These approaches to modelling functional and structural connectivity have been applied in semi-arid and temperate contexts and for a range of applications. The structural connectivity index, the Network Index, has been implemented within a decision support system that is widely used within the UK. These modelling tools provide a useful experimental toolkit for investigations into the dynamics of hydrological and sediment connectivity at the small catchment to landscape scale. www.scimap.org.uk and my.scimap.org.uk Beven, K.J. and Kirkby, M.J. 1979. A Physically Based, Variable Contributing Area Model of Basin Hydrology; Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24, 43-6 Bracken, L.J., Wainwright, J., Ali, G., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, M.W., Reaney, S. and Roy, A.G, 2013: The concepts of hydrological connectivity: research approaches, pathways and future agendas; Earth Science Reviews119 17-34 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.001 Lane S N, Reaney S M and Heathwaite A L 2009: Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically-driven surface flow index; Water Resources Research, 45, W08423doi:10.1029/2008WR007336 Lane, S.N., Brookes, C.J., Kirkby, M.J. and Holden, J. 2004. A network-index based version of TOPMODEL for use with high-resolution digital topographic data. Hydrological Processes, 18, 191-201. Milledge D. G., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Reaney S. M. 2012: A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments; Science of the Total Environment 433, 434–449 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.047 Reaney S M 2008: The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi-arid catchments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33(2): 317-327 Reaney S M, Bracken (nee Bull) L J and Kirkby M J 2007: The use of the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) to investigate the Influence of Storm Characteristics on Runoff Generation and Connectivity in Semi-Arid Areas; Hydrological Processes 21 894 – 906 Reaney S. M., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Dugdale L. J.2011: Risk-based modelling of diffuse land use impacts from rural landscapes upon salmonid fry abundance; Ecological Modelling Volume 222, Issue 4, 24 February 2011, Pages 1016-1029doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.08.022 --- ### Tacking Flood Risk from Watersheds using a Natural Flood Risk Management Toolkit **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2017-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2017-12-01-Tacking-Flood-Risk-from-Watersheds-using-a-Natural-Flood-Risk-Management-Toolkit Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Spatial targeting of diffuse pollution mitigation features: from landscapes to sub-catchments within the SCIMAP approach. **Location/Event:** SCIMAP User Group Meeting 2016 **Date:** 2017-05-29 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2017-05-29-SCIMAP The design of diffuse pollution mitigation schemes at the landscape scale is difficult since the spatial structure of the landscape means that not all land contributes equally. The variation in sources, related to land management, soils and geology, and the pattern of hydrological connectivity mean that critical source areas are distributed across the landscape. If diffuse pollution mitigation measures can be targeted to intercept these critical source areas, they can be more effective and hence the same water quality improvement can be achieved at lower cost and with a lower impact on agricultural activities. The design of diffuse pollution mitigation schemes at the landscape scale is difficult since the spatial structure of the landscape means that not all land contributes equally. The variation in sources, related to land management, soils and geology, and the pattern of hydrological connectivity mean that critical source areas are distributed across the landscape. If diffuse pollution mitigation measures can be targeted to intercept these critical source areas, they can be more effective and hence the same water quality improvement can be achieved at lower cost and with a lower impact on agricultural activities. The SCIMAP risk mapping framework provides an approach to predicting the location of diffuse pollution sources within the landscape based on GIS data layers. Through the analysis of the land cover information and digital terrain model, the source and mobilisation risk can be determined. The relative strength of the hydrological connectivity is calculated with the Network Index by tracing flow pathways across the digital terrain model. The sources and connectivity datasets are then integrated and accumulated through the network to produce a map of the likely source areas for diffuse pollution. The SCIMAP risk mapping approach is normally applied with the 5m NextMap DEM dataset which gives results at the landscape extent with sub-field details. This scale of application is useful to determining which sub-catchment and which fields would be most effective for mitigation features to be targeted in those locations. Once the target areas have been identified, it is possible to use detailed Lidar or drone based topographic datasets at sub-metre resolutions. These highly detailed datasets accurately show the effects of land management, such as tracks and tramlines in fields, and the topographic drivers of the erosion risk and hydrological connectivity. Therefore, these datasets are highly useful in developing spatially targeting mitigation plans. This is an approach used by government agencies, river trusts and catchment partnership in the UK to spatially target works within the catchment. This presentation will describe the SCIMAP framework and show how it has been applied within the Defra funded River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment project, Cumbria, England. The full River Eden catchment (2300 km2) has been mapped using the 5m dataset for both diffuse pollution and flood risk issues. The presentation will also show how drone mapping has been used to develop a 0.4m dataset for the Newby Beck sub-catchment of the River Eden to generate a spatially targeted mitigation plan. These examples will show how SCIMAP can be used to develop and refine spatially targeted mitigation plans at a range of scales. --- ### Catchment Models and Management Tools for diffuse Contaminants (Sediment, Phosphorus and Pesticides): DIFFUSE Project **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2017-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2017-04-01-Catchment-Models-and-Management-Tools-for-diffuse-Contaminants-Sediment-Phosphorus-and-Pesticides-DIFFUSE-Project Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The Treatment Train approach to reducing non-point source pollution from agriculture **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2016-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-12-01-The-Treatment-Train-approach-to-reducing-non-point-source-pollution-from-agriculture Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Temporal dynamics and projected future changes in the nitrate leaching in a small river catchment dominated by under-drained clay soil grasslands: analysis of high-frequency monitoring data **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2016-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-12-01-Temporal-dynamics-and-projected-future-changes-in-the-nitrate-leaching-in-a-small-river-catchment-dominated-by-under-drained-clay-soil-grasslands-analysis-of-high-frequency-monitoring-data Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Spatio-temporal dynamics in phytobenthos structural properties reveal insights into agricultural catchment dynamics and nutrient fluxes **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2016-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-12-01-Spatio-temporal-dynamics-in-phytobenthos-structural-properties-reveal-insights-into-agricultural-catchment-dynamics-and-nutrient-fluxes Low order streams are spatially extensive, temporally dynamic, systems within the agricultural landscape. This dynamism extends to the aquatic communities within these streams, including the phytobentos, which demonstrates considerable resilience to diffuse anthropogenic nutrient pressures and changing climate dynamics. The phytobenthos community can substantially contribute to the food web, in particular diatoms, which dominate photo-autotrophic assemblages in low order streams. Diatoms are widely used in ecological monitoring because of their high sensitivity to environmental condition, but knowledge is limited on the ecological effects of winter disturbances and variance introduced by multiple and interacting pressures (N, P, sediment), introducing bias in understanding temporal dynamics in benthic diatom communities. Using the environmental time series data from long term monitoring within the River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment programme, we assess the impact of multiple hydro-chemical stressors on phytobenthic community resilience, and synthesize the impact of an extreme winter event. Monthly data from diatom communities collected in the Eden DTC from March 2011 to present show that river flow, strongly coupled to precipitation, is a key driver of these communities. Discharge has a direct effect on communities through scouring, but is also tightly correlated to nutrient delivery, such that 80% of the annual TP load arrives in 10% of the time. Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) values demonstrated considerable resilience by the stability of inter-monthly TDI scores over 5 seasonal cycles against the characterised highly variable hydrological regime. This research demonstrates that well characterised winter disturbances are critical to understanding drivers of aquatic dynamics. This has implications for catchment diffuse pollution policy, farm management and economics, given the climate projections of increases in frequency and intensity of extreme winter events, which may alter instream nutrient fluxes. Low order streams are spatially extensive, temporally dynamic, systems within the agricultural landscape. This dynamism extends to the aquatic communities within these streams, including the phytobentos, which demonstrates considerable resilience to diffuse anthropogenic nutrient pressures and changing climate dynamics. The phytobenthos community can substantially contribute to the food web, in particular diatoms, which dominate photo-autotrophic assemblages in low order streams. Diatoms are widely used in ecological monitoring because of their high sensitivity to environmental condition, but knowledge is limited on the ecological effects of winter disturbances and variance introduced by multiple and interacting pressures (N, P, sediment), introducing bias in understanding temporal dynamics in benthic diatom communities. Using the environmental time series data from long term monitoring within the River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment programme, we assess the impact of multiple hydro-chemical stressors on phytobenthic community resilience, and synthesize the impact of an extreme winter event. Monthly data from diatom communities collected in the Eden DTC from March 2011 to present show that river flow, strongly coupled to precipitation, is a key driver of these communities. Discharge has a direct effect on communities through scouring, but is also tightly correlated to nutrient delivery, such that 80% of the annual TP load arrives in 10% of the time. Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) values demonstrated considerable resilience by the stability of inter-monthly TDI scores over 5 seasonal cycles against the characterised highly variable hydrological regime. This research demonstrates that well characterised winter disturbances are critical to understanding drivers of aquatic dynamics. This has implications for catchment diffuse pollution policy, farm management and economics, given the climate projections of increases in frequency and intensity of extreme winter events, which may alter instream nutrient fluxes. Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Mitigating Agricultural Diffuse Pollution: Learning from The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Experiments **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2016-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-12-01-Mitigating-Agricultural-Diffuse-Pollution-Learning-from-The-River-Eden-Demonstration-Test-Catchment-Experiments Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A New Approach To Soil Sampling For Risk Assessment Of Nutrient Mobilisation. **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2016-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-12-01-A-New-Approach-To-Soil-Sampling-For-Risk-Assessment-Of-Nutrient-Mobilisation Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Catchment management, SuDS and NFM for flood mitigation. Tutta Beck, County Durham **Location/Event:** Flood Expo 2016 **Date:** 2016-10-20 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-10-20-Tutta --- ### SCIMAP-Flood: A preview of the new tool for spatial targeting of natural flood risk management schemes **Location/Event:** SCIMAP User Group Meeting 2016 **Date:** 2016-10-18 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2016-10-18-SCIMAP-Flood --- ### Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents **Location/Event:** COST Action Connecteur Meeting **Date:** 2015-09-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-09-15-Tools --- ### Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale **Location/Event:** COST Action Connecteur Meeting **Date:** 2015-09-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-09-15-SCIMAP-MP --- ### Natural Flood Risk Management and Working with Natural Processes. What has been done on the Eden? **Location/Event:** Eden Rivers Trust **Date:** 2015-09-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-08-27-NFM-Eden --- ### Modelling tools for catchment hydrological connectivity: Terrain analysis, dynamic simulation and software agents **Location/Event:** Durham University **Date:** 2015-09-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-09-01-ConnectEUR-Durham --- ### The value of oxygen-isotope data and multiple discharge records in calibrating a fully-distributed, physically-based rainfall-runoff model (CRUM3) to improve predictive capability **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2015-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-04-01-The-value-of-oxygen-isotope-data-and-multiple-discharge-records-in-calibrating-a-fully-distributed-physically-based-rainfall-runoff-model-CRUM3-to-improve-predictive-capability Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The challenge of lots of data: different ways to synthesise and visualise high frequency catchment data **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2015-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-04-01-The-challenge-of-lots-of-data-different-ways-to-synthesise-and-visualise-high-frequency-catchment-data Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Managing multiple diffuse pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2015-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-04-01-Managing-multiple-diffuse-pressures-on-water-quality-and-ecological-habitat-Spatially-targeting-effective-mitigation-actions-at-the-landscape-scale Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Investigating the potential to reduce flood risk through catchment-based land management techniques and interventions in the River Roe catchment, Cumbria,UK **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2015-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-04-01-Investigating-the-potential-to-reduce-flood-risk-through-catchment-based-land-management-techniques-and-interventions-in-the-River-Roe-catchment-CumbriaUK Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Tackling landscape scale pressures on in-stream water quality and flood risk: Predicting and simulating hydrological connectivity **Location/Event:** Stirling University **Date:** 2015-03-02 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2015-03-02-Stirling To tackle the challenges of flood risk, poor water quality and degraded ecological health, there is a need to go beyond the management of point pressures and take a full landscape view of the problem. Central to this high level view is the concept of hydrological connectivity, which describes the ease with which water and associated materials, can move across the landscape to the rivers or lakes. Therefore, understanding connectivity and the spatial pattern of source areas is key to making predictions of the critical source areas for diffuse pollution and flood risk sources and this identification allows for the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in the landscape. To tackle the challenges of flood risk, poor water quality and degraded ecological health, there is a need to go beyond the management of point pressures and take a full landscape view of the problem. Central to this high level view is the concept of hydrological connectivity, which describes the ease with which water and associated materials, can move across the landscape to the rivers or lakes. Therefore, understanding connectivity and the spatial pattern of source areas is key to making predictions of the critical source areas for diffuse pollution and flood risk sources and this identification allows for the spatial targeting of mitigation measures in the landscape. This seminar will present two different analysis approaches to considering the critical sources areas in the landscape. The first the SCIMAP diffuse pollution risk mapping framework. SCIMAP uses a minimal information requirement approach to make predicts of the parts of the landscape that probably export material that effects the in-stream water quality. SCIMAP has been applied to many catchments in the UK for issues associated with fine sediment, particulate phosphorus and nitrogen. The second approach uses a fully distributed catchment hydrological model, CRUM3, to simulate the hydrological flows. This model has been used to identify floodwater source areas within catchments and to inform the location of natural flood risk reduction measures. --- ### Managing multiple non-point pressures on water quality and ecological habitat: Spatially targeting effective mitigation actions at the landscape scale. **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2014-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2014-12-01-Managing-multiple-non-point-pressures-on-water-quality-and-ecological-habitat-Spatially-targeting-effective-mitigation-actions-at-the-landscape-scale Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Designing Schemes to Mitigate Non-Point Source Water Pollution from Agriculture: The Value of High-Resolution Hydrochemical and Hydrophysical Data **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2014-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2014-12-01-Designing-Schemes-to-Mitigate-Non-Point-Source-Water-Pollution-from-Agriculture-The-Value-of-High-Resolution-Hydrochemical-and-Hydrophysical-Data Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Modelling tools for catchment science and management **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2014-08-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2014-08-015-ModellingToolsForCatchmentScience --- ### Enabling Access To Non-Point Source Risk Mapping Tools Using Open Source Software And Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Standards: The Development Of The SCIMAP Webapp **Location/Event:** Hydroinfomatics **Date:** 2014-08-12 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-08-12-mySCIMAP SIM REANEY (1) AND PETER WELLS (2)(1): Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK(2): Lutra Consulting, 23 Chestnut Close, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, RH15 8HN, UK SIM REANEY (1) AND PETER WELLS (2) (1): Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK (2): Lutra Consulting, 23 Chestnut Close, Burgess Hill, West Sussex, RH15 8HN, UK Non-point (diffuse) pollution is a key environmental pressure effecting water quality and ecology in lakes and rivers. Many governmental and NGO bodies are working to tacking the problem but their efforts are constrained by the complexities of the problem. To enable the spatial targeting of the mitigation measures at the landscape scale, the SCIMAP risk mapping approach was developed by Durham and Lancaster Universities in the UK. The approach was well received but the desktop implementation created problems for users. NGO users generally did not have the required datasets or GIS skills. Governmental users within a corporate managed IT environment were not able to install the desktop software. Using web based technologies, it has been possible to overcome the problems faced by both sets of users. The SCIMAP WebApp is a rich internet application consisting of a GIS user interface that allows users to easily generate risk maps for diffuse pollution. All the calculation and modelling procedures are completely linked and automated, the calculation of the risk maps be achieved in a more efficient and timely manner, and therefore contributing to improve decision-making. The application is a web-based and can be accessed through most of the modern web browsers. The web application was entirely developed using Open Source Software and OGC standards. A custom module was developed for GRASS GIS to simulate hydrological mechanisms involved in diffuse pollution. Users can use available data on topography and land cover and parameter sets within the SCIMAP spatial database or can also upload local data. The input data are passed to the server-side of the SCIMAP application to run simulation. Simulation time has been optimised within the GRASS module. Results are shown on the client-side of the application or alternatively, can be downloaded and imported to Desktop GIS or any kml based viewer. --- ### Time-integrated suspended sediment monitoring networks: Potential and implications for geomorphology **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2014-05-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2014-05-01-Time-integrated-suspended-sediment-monitoring-networks-Potential-and-implications-for-geomorphology Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The Influence of temporal sampling regime on the WFD classification of catchments within the Eden Demonstration Test Catchment Project **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2014-05-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2014-05-01-The-Influence-of-temporal-sampling-regime-on-the-WFD-classification-of-catchments-within-the-Eden-Demonstration-Test-Catchment-Project Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Understanding fine sediment and phosphorous delivery in upland catchments **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2013-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-12-01-Understanding-fine-sediment-and-phosphorous-delivery-in-upland-catchments Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### High temporal resolution water chemistry information for catchment understanding and management **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2013-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-12-01-High-temporal-resolution-water-chemistry-information-for-catchment-understanding-and-management Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Emergent structures and understanding from a comparative uncertainty analysis of the FUSE rainfall-runoff modelling platform for &gt;1,100 catchments **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2013-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-12-01-Emergent-structures-and-understanding-from-a-comparative-uncertainty-analysis-of-the-FUSE-rainfall-runoff-modelling-platform-for-gt1100-catchments Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Overview of Hydrological Connectivity **Location/Event:** The Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan **Date:** 2013-09-08 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-09-08-UoS --- ### Physical causes of rainfall threshold and connectivity for post-fire runoff **Location/Event:** AGU Chapman Conference **Date:** 2013-08-28 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-08-28-chapman Sim ReaneyDepartment of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK Sim Reaney Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK The generation of runoff is normally considered a point scale process that can be explained by either infiltration excess, saturation or return overland flow mechanisms. This formulation of the process negates to understand the key question in that it is not how much rainfall is converted to rapid overland flow at a point but it is how much of that water is able to reach the river channel to form a flooding event and how much sediment it is able to erode and transport. Thinking of the runoff generation processes in these terms leads us to consider the processes within a more explicitly spatial and temporal framework. The probability that water will reach the river channel is controlled by the flow pathway which the water takes and the associated variability in soil hydraulic properties along that pathway. The soil surface is often spatially variable, especially so in a post-fire context, and hence there is the possibility for transmission losses and disconnections in the flow. At the same time, the rainfall might be providing additional water that maybe converted into overland flow and the temporal pattern of the high intensity rainfall is therefore an important driver as it interacts with the flow travel distances. Hence, there is a balance between the driving rainfall, the spatial pattern of flow and the pattern of soil properties that will ultimately determine the hydrological and sediment connectivity. When the landscape is considered in this way, it leads to the concept that there are points in the landscape that exert more control on the connectivity than others and can be considered as ‘connectivity threshold points’. These patterns can be considered in space and time using a range of tools ranging from terrain analysis to simulation models. These tools include the Network Index based on flow path analysis, CRUM2D and CRUM3 simulation models and the software agent based hydroAgent approach. Each tool is able to offer a different insight into the processes leading to threshold based behaviour in runoff generation. This abstract is included in Moody, John A.; Martin, Deborah A. (eds.). 2013. Collected abstracts for AGU chapman conference: synthesizing empirical results to improve predictions of post-wildfire runoff and erosion responses. AGU Chapman Conference; August 25-31, 2013. Denver, CO: US Geological Survey. 182 p. --- ### Mapping diffuse pollution source areas at the landscape scale: The SCIMAP approach **Location/Event:** Land User and Water Quality 2013 **Date:** 2013-06-12 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-06-12-LUWQ Reaney S. M., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Milledge D. G. Reaney S. M., Lane S. N., Heathwaite A. L. and Milledge D. G. For many water quality problems, we are able to see the impact at a point in the river or lake in the form of eutrophic conditions. If we determine that the problem is the result of diffuse (non-point) pollution, we then need to determine where in the landscape the issue is coming from so that we can target mitigation works. Traditional modelling approaches aim to represent the physical processes driving the diffuse pollution, such as overland flow, erosion and deposition, to make predictions of the nutrient or sediment loads in real world units (mg l-1 for example). These models are then used with a scenario testing approach to determine where in the catchment is best to focus mitigation works. This approach has problems with data demands to represent many physical processes and computational costs to perform the simulations. These problems mean that it is difficult and expensive to apply the physically based modelling approach to new locations. SCIMAP takes a different approach to these problems and operates in a ‘risk’ based framework rather than on a precise prediction basis. This different approach allows SCIMAP to focus on the questions of ‘where is the most nutrient or sediment coming from?’ and ‘what to do where?’. SCIMAP works with the spatial pattern of land cover, hydrological connectivity and rainfall to calculate map based predictions of where risk is generated, connected and concentrated within the landscape. These maps can then be used to trace back across the landscape to where the risk sources are probably located in the landscape. SCIMAP currently makes predictions for fine sediment, N and P though fitting the model to the observed spatial pattern of the data and has been assessed against both biological patterns in salmon numbers and in terms of water chemistry measurements. SCIMAP is used within the UK by the Environment Agency, Natural England, the national Rivers Trust and many local river trust organisations. The SCIMAP approach has been used to target field investigations, change land uses and spatially target and prioritise diffuse pollution mitigation works to improve water quality and ecology. SCIMAP has been used to support Water Framework Directive mitigation works and for the general improvement of the freshwater environment. SCIMAP is currently freely available from the website (www.scimap.org.uk) for non-commercial use and a web-based version of the software is in development. --- ### Rural Land Management: Simultaneous benefits for both floods and droughts? **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2013-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2013-04-01-Rural-Land-Management-Simultaneous-benefits-for-both-floods-and-droughts Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Understanding the main uncertainties in hydrological impact ensembles of Regional Climate Models predictions for large catchments in the UK **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2012-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-12-01-Understanding-the-main-uncertainties-in-hydrological-impact-ensembles-of-Regional-Climate-Models-predictions-for-large-catchments-in-the-UK Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Improving National Capability in Biogeochemical Flux Modelling: the UK Environmental Virtual Observatory (EVOp) **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2012-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-12-01-Improving-National-Capability-in-Biogeochemical-Flux-Modelling-the-UK-Environmental-Virtual-Observatory-EVOp Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Hydrological models as web services: Experiences from the Environmental Virtual Observatory project **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2012-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-12-01-Hydrological-models-as-web-services-Experiences-from-the-Environmental-Virtual-Observatory-project Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Cloud-enabled Web Applications for Environmental Modelling **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2012-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-12-01-Cloud-enabled-Web-Applications-for-Environmental-Modelling Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The River Edendtc Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment **Date:** 2012-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-04-01-The-River-EdenDTC-Project-A-National-Demonstration-Test-Catchment/ title: “The River EdenDTC Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment”collection: talkspermalink: /talks/2012-04-01-The-River-EdenDTC-Project-A-National-Demonstration-Test-Catchmentdate: 2012-04-01venue: ‘In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts’citation: ‘C. Benskin, B. Surridge, C. Deasy, C. Woods, D. Rimmer, E. Lees, G. Owens, J. Jonczyk, J. Quinton, M. Wilkinson, “The River EdenDTC Project: A National Demonstration Test Catchment.” In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012.’location: “Vienna, Austria”type: “Talk” title: “The River EdenDTC Project A National Demonstration Test Catchment” collection: talks permalink: /talks/2012-04-01-The-River-EdenDTC-Project-A-National-Demonstration-Test-Catchment date: 2012-04-01 venue: ‘In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts’ citation: ‘C. Benskin, B. Surridge, C. Deasy, C. Woods, D. Rimmer, E. Lees, G. Owens, J. Jonczyk, J. Quinton, M. Wilkinson, “The River EdenDTC Project: A National Demonstration Test Catchment.” In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2012.’ location: “Vienna, Austria” type: “Talk” Our environment is a complex system of interactions between natural process and anthropogenic activities that disrupt them. It is crucial to manage the balance for continued food production whilst maintaining the quality of the environment. The challenges we face include managing the impact of agricultural land use on aquatic quality and biodiversity as an integral system, rather than as separate issues. In order to do this, it is critical to understand how the different components are linked - how does land use affect our water courses and ground water, and their associated ecosystems, and how can the impact of agricultural land use on these systems be minimised? Regulating farm nutrient management through measures that minimise sources, their exposure to mobilisation, and reduce drainage pathways to water courses are all fundamental to the UK’s approach to meeting the Water Framework Directive objective of achieving ‘good ecological status’ in all surface and groundwater bodies by 2015. The EdenDTC project is part of a 5-year national Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC) environmental scheme, aiming to understand the above issues through combining scientific research with local knowledge and experience from multiple stakeholders. The DTC project is a 5-year initiative by Defra, Welsh Assembly Government and the Environment Agency, which encompasses a research platform covering three distinct river catchments: the Eden in Cumbria; the Wensum in Norfolk; and the Avon in Hampshire. Within the EdenDTC, the impact and effects of multiple diffuse pollutants on ecosystems and sustainable food production are being studied on a river catchment scale. Three 10 km2 focus catchments, selected to represent the different farming practices and geologies observed across the Eden, have been instrumented to record the dynamics of agricultural diffuse pollution at multiple scales. Within each focus catchment, two sub-catchments were selected: one control and one mitigation, in which a number of existing and novel mitigation measures will be tested. A number of on-farm measures, aimed at reducing agricultural diffuse pollution, will be evaluated by monitoring their effect on water quality and associated biodiversity. In order to achieve this, state of the art hydro-meteorological logging systems have been installed. The outlets of the focus catchments each have a ‘high-tech’ multi-parameter station that will provide data for total P, soluble reactive P, nitrate, ammonium, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH and flow. At the sub-catchment scale are 10 sub-stations, which provide a record of turbidity and water level. All are continuously sampling at 15 minute intervals and are telemetered. The goal is to give an abundance of high quality, multi-scale continuous data provided in real time. Additional storm sampling is being performed at all stations using automatic water samplers, and monthly spot samples are also analysed for each site. The information gathered at these different scales is hoped to improve the effectiveness/efficiency of schemes such as the England Catchment Sensitive Farming Delivery Initiative (ECSFDI). It is also hoped that many of the mitigation features will be multipurpose, having positive effects on flooding, carbon sequestration, habitat creation and biodiversity. Use Google Scholar:target=”_blank” for full citation --- ### A Monte Carlo approach to the inverse problem of diffuse pollution risk in agricultural catchments **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2012-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2012-04-01-A-Monte-Carlo-approach-to-the-inverse-problem-of-diffuse-pollution-risk-in-agricultural-catchments Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2011-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2011-12-01-Understanding-nutrient-connectivity-at-the-landscape-scale-The-use-of-the-SCIMAP-approach-in-the-UK-and-Ireland Many approaches to understanding diffuse pollution risk at the landscape scale have focused on its ‘sources’ and ‘mobilisation’ with a basic representation of the effect of connectivity between the landscape the receiving waters. Connectivity will determine whether source areas become critical source areas and create problems in the receiving waters. It is the landscape position of a source, both in terms of its upslope contributing area and its downslope flow path, that determine the likelihood of a connection being made. The SCIMAP approach, developed at Durham and Lancaster Universities with the Environment Agency, has taken a strongly connectivity driven approach, set within a risk based framework. SCIMAP aims to predict the location in the catchment that is most likely to be the source of an in stream water quality problem derived from diffuse pollution. The predictions are generated at a 5m-pixel level, to give within field estimates of risk and connectivity, and applied to whole landscapes (from 1 to 2000 km2 +) to give a broad overview of the issues. Recent work has shown that there is significant value in adding a detailed connectivity treatment when predicting measured patterns of water quality. The SCIMAP approach to diffuse pollution risk mapping has been applied by: the Environment Agency under the Catchment Sensitive Farming program; the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ program; the Defra funded ‘River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment’; and various river and wildlife trusts in the UK. This poster shows an overview of the SCIMAP approach and the results from both the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ and the EdenDTC projects. Many approaches to understanding diffuse pollution risk at the landscape scale have focused on its ‘sources’ and ‘mobilisation’ with a basic representation of the effect of connectivity between the landscape the receiving waters. Connectivity will determine whether source areas become critical source areas and create problems in the receiving waters. It is the landscape position of a source, both in terms of its upslope contributing area and its downslope flow path, that determine the likelihood of a connection being made. The SCIMAP approach, developed at Durham and Lancaster Universities with the Environment Agency, has taken a strongly connectivity driven approach, set within a risk based framework. SCIMAP aims to predict the location in the catchment that is most likely to be the source of an in stream water quality problem derived from diffuse pollution. The predictions are generated at a 5m-pixel level, to give within field estimates of risk and connectivity, and applied to whole landscapes (from 1 to 2000 km2 +) to give a broad overview of the issues. Recent work has shown that there is significant value in adding a detailed connectivity treatment when predicting measured patterns of water quality. The SCIMAP approach to diffuse pollution risk mapping has been applied by: the Environment Agency under the Catchment Sensitive Farming program; the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ program; the Defra funded ‘River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment’; and various river and wildlife trusts in the UK. This poster shows an overview of the SCIMAP approach and the results from both the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ and the EdenDTC projects. Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A framework to understand spatial and temporal connectivity dynamics at hill slope and catchment scales. **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2011-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2011-12-01-A-framework-to-understand-spatial-and-temporal-connectivity-dynamics-at-hill-slope-and-catchment-scales Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Understanding nutrient connectivity at the landscape scale: The use of the SCIMAP approach in the UK and Ireland **Date:** 2011-09-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2011-07-01-SCIMAPinUKandIreland S.M. REANEY1, D.G. MILLEDGE1, S.N. LANE2, A.L. HEATHWAITE3, M. SHORE4, A. MELLAND4 & P JORDAN4 S.M. REANEY1, D.G. MILLEDGE1, S.N. LANE2, A.L. HEATHWAITE3, M. SHORE4, A. MELLAND4 & P JORDAN4 1 Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK 2 Université de Lausanne, Faculté des géosciences et de l’environnement, Switzerland 3 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK 4 Agricultural Catchments Programme, Teagasc, Wexford, Ireland Many approaches to understanding diffuse pollution risk at the landscape scale have focused on its ‘sources’ and ‘mobilisation’ with a basic representation of the effect of connectivity between the landscape the receiving waters. Connectivity will determine whether source areas become critical source areas and create problems in the receiving waters. It is the landscape position of a source, both in terms of its upslope contributing area and its downslope flow path, that determine the likelihood of a connection being made. The SCIMAP approach, developed at Durham and Lancaster Universities with the Environment Agency, has taken a strongly connectivity driven approach, set within a risk based framework. SCIMAP aims to predict the location in the catchment that is most likely to be the source of an in stream water quality problem derived from diffuse pollution. The predictions are generated at a 5m-pixel level, to give within field estimates of risk and connectivity, and applied to whole landscapes (from 1 to 2000 km2 +) to give a broad overview of the issues. Recent work has shown that there is significant value in adding a detailed connectivity treatment when predicting measured patterns of water quality. The SCIMAP approach to diffuse pollution risk mapping has been applied by: the Environment Agency under the Catchment Sensitive Farming program; the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ program; the Defra funded ‘River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment’; and various river and wildlife trusts in the UK. This poster shows an overview of the SCIMAP approach and the results from both the Teagasc ‘Agricultural Catchments’ and the EdenDTC projects. Keywords: Connectivity, SCIMAP, Risk, model, prediction, landscape --- ### Using distributed, landscape based, ecosystem services to mitigate flood risk within the River Eden catchment: The ALFA approach **Date:** 2011-09-15 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2011-05-10-carlisleFlooding Sim Reaney1, Ian Pattison2 , Katie Smith1, Stuart Lane3, Rich Hardy1, Dave Milledge1 and Lucy Dugdale4 Sim Reaney1, Ian Pattison2 , Katie Smith1, Stuart Lane3, Rich Hardy1, Dave Milledge1 and Lucy Dugdale4 1 Durham University 2 Southampton University 3 University of Lausanne 4 Eden Rivers Trust --- ### How to make a connection across the landscape: interactions between topography, weather and hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale. **Date:** 2011-07-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2011-07-01-connectionAcrossTheLandscape Hydrological connectivity describes the ease with which water can move across the landscape and is a central factor in determining catchment hydrological and water quality behaviour. The strength of the connectivity is determined by the interactions between the driving rain storm events and the physical structure of the landscape. Hydrological connectivity describes the ease with which water can move across the landscape and is a central factor in determining catchment hydrological and water quality behaviour. The strength of the connectivity is determined by the interactions between the driving rain storm events and the physical structure of the landscape. Being able to determine the connectivity is key to predicting: 1. how the catchment will respond to storms events to generate flood events and 2. the distribution of critical source areas for diffuse pollution. If it was possible to read a topographic connectivity signature from the landscape, it would help make predictions in ungauged basins for both flood and water quality risk. Through the use of flow path tracing algorithms, it is possible to make predictions of hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale. These predictions are made with the Network Index coupled with field measurements, a topographic wetness index or with the spatial output from a fully distributed hydrological model, such as CRUM3. This work utilises these different approaches. The model gives a time series of predictions and the soil moisture patterns are able to develop in response to the local topographic driving forces. With these predictions, it is possible to relate the connectivity strength to the nature of the topography. The relationships between hydrological connectivity, slope lengths, slope gradient and slope profile variability and how these relationship vary seasonally with the different storm events have been investigated with the aim to develop a topographic connectivity signature. --- ### The Demonstration Test Catchment Approach to Land and Water Management in the river Eden Watershed, UK. (Invited) **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-The-Demonstration-Test-Catchment-Approach-to-Land-and-Water-Management-in-the-river-Eden-Watershed-UK-Invited Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Science in the clouds: UAVs and cloud computing methods for spatial diffuse pollution risk assessment (Invited) **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-Science-in-the-clouds-UAVs-and-cloud-computing-methods-for-spatial-diffuse-pollution-risk-assessment-Invited Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Optimal sampling of soil depth variability for the prediction of hydrological response **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-Optimal-sampling-of-soil-depth-variability-for-the-prediction-of-hydrological-response Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Inverse modelling of diffuse pollution risks in agricultural catchments **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-Inverse-modelling-of-diffuse-pollution-risks-in-agricultural-catchments Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Death and landscape dynamics: The effect of tree throw on sediment transport and landscape evolution **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-Death-and-landscape-dynamics-The-effect-of-tree-throw-on-sediment-transport-and-landscape-evolution Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### A pilot Virtual Observatory (pVO) for integrated catchment science - Demonstration of national scale modelling of hydrology and biogeochemistry (Invited) **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2010-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-12-01-A-pilot-Virtual-Observatory-pVO-for-integrated-catchment-science-Demonstration-of-national-scale-modelling-of-hydrology-and-biogeochemistry-Invited Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Mapping heat wave risk in the UK: Proactive planning for the 2050s **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2010-05-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-05-01-Mapping-heat-wave-risk-in-the-UK-Proactive-planning-for-the-2050s Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Downscaling catchment scale flood risk to contributing sub-catchments to determine the optimum location for flood management. **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2010-05-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-05-01-Downscaling-catchment-scale-flood-risk-to-contributing-sub-catchments-to-determine-the-optimum-location-for-flood-management Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Determining which land management practices reduce catchment scale flood risk and where to implement them for optimum effect **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2010-05-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2010-05-01-Determining-which-land-management-practices-reduce-catchment-scale-flood-risk-and-where-to-implement-them-for-optimum-effect Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Towards minimum information requirements for representing hydrological connectivity at the landscape scale (Invited) **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2009-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-12-01-Towards-minimum-information-requirements-for-representing-hydrological-connectivity-at-the-landscape-scale-Invited Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Spatial and Temporal Influences on Hydrologic Connectivity: A Mathematical Formalization **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2009-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-12-01-Spatial-and-Temporal-Influences-on-Hydrologic-Connectivity-A-Mathematical-Formalization Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Simulating the Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Connectivity Under Possible Future Climates - Impacts on River Flow Dynamics and Non-Point Source Pollution **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2009-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-12-01-Simulating-the-Spatial-Distribution-of-Hydrological-Connectivity-Under-Possible-Future-Climates-Impacts-on-River-Flow-Dynamics-and-Non-Point-Source-Pollution Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### SCIMAP: Modelling Diffuse Pollution in Large River Basins **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2009-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-12-01-SCIMAP-Modelling-Diffuse-Pollution-in-Large-River-Basins Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England **Date:** 2009-06-20 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/wetterDryerBHS/ Lane S N, Reaney S M and Du Y 2006: Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England; British Hydrological Society 9th National Hydrology Symposium, Durham University, September 2006. Lane S N, Reaney S M and Du Y 2006: Wetter? Drier? Floods? Droughts? Continuous flow simulation to 2099 for Northern England; British Hydrological Society 9th National Hydrology Symposium, Durham University, September 2006. --- ### Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment **Date:** 2009-06-20 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/hyssBRU/ Reaney, S., Kirkby M. and Bull L. 2001 Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment COST 623 Strasbourg Sept 2001 Reaney, S., Kirkby M. and Bull L. 2001 Defining HYSS Based Response Units (HyssBRU) for hydrological modelling in a semi-arid environment COST 623 Strasbourg Sept 2001 Reaney COST623 2001 Poster (pdf) --- ### Long term changes in flood risk in the Eden Catchment, Cumbria: Links to changes in Weather Types and Land Use **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2009-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-04-01-Long-term-changes-in-flood-risk-in-the-Eden-Catchment-Cumbria-Links-to-changes-in-Weather-Types-and-Land-Use Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Importance of sub-catchments peak flow relative timing on downstream flood risk **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2009-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-04-01-Importance-of-sub-catchments-peak-flow-relative-timing-on-downstream-flood-risk Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### From scaling up to scaling down land management impacts on downstream flood risk **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts **Date:** 2009-04-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2009-04-01-From-scaling-up-to-scaling-down-land-management-impacts-on-downstream-flood-risk Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Estimation of climate change impacts on river flow and catchment hydrological connectivity incorporating uncertainty from multiple climate models, stochastic downscaling and hydrological model parameterisation error sources **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2008-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2008-12-01-Estimation-of-climate-change-impacts-on-river-flow-and-catchment-hydrological-connectivity-incorporating-uncertainty-from-multiple-climate-models-stochastic-downscaling-and-hydrological-model-parameterisation-error-sources Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### The Control of Salmonid Populations by Hydrological Connectivity: an Analysis at the Local, Reach and Watershed scales **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2007-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2007-12-01-The-Control-of-Salmonid-Populations-by-Hydrological-Connectivity-an-Analysis-at-the-Local-Reach-and-Watershed-scales Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation --- ### Spatially based management of agricultural phosphorus pollution from diffuse sources: the SCIMAP risk based approach **Location/Event:** In the proceedings of AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts **Date:** 2007-12-01 **URL:** https://simreaney.github.io/talks/2007-12-01-Spatially-based-management-of-agricultural-phosphorus-pollution-from-diffuse-sources-the-SCIMAP-risk-based-approach Use Google Scholar for full citation Use Google Scholar for full citation ---